Running head: CHILD ABUSE AND INTERVENTION
Child Abuse and Intervention
Your Name
University of Texas at Arlington
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CHILD ABUSE AND INTERVENTION
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Introduction
Child abuse and neglect is a social unjustness where children are often left to suffer silently
in a clouded environment of secrecy. Many injuries are not visible and those that are may go
undisclosed or overlooked with long-term, damaging effects. Past cases of abuse have included
physical and sexual abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, verbal abuse and threats, and
even financial abuse. Concerns are that the problem has become generational and if sufficient
measures are not taken to break the cycle, then it will continue ad infinitum. Many intervention
techniques have been designed to help children overcome the wounds of abusive behaviors. This
paper will examine two of the commonly used methods of intervention and compare and contrast
the variables, characteristics, and effectiveness of each. Music Therapy and Mental Imagery and
Visualization are the two methods chosen to be studied in this manuscript. By analyzing the
children’s personal relationships and how they interact with their environment, a more accurate
determination can be made concerning the two methods and how effectively they can improve
the children’s lives. Probing the two programs simultaneously will help to make the decision
more accurate.
Child abuse and neglect is one of society’s veiled afflictions that is common among
most populations and whose presence often goes undetected. Signs of abuse include, but are not
limited to, physical injury, lack of social skills, exclusion from family matters, anger, and
isolation. “At least 1 in 7 children have experienced abuse in the last year, and that is likely an
underestimate” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). There is a great concern that
so many cases go unreported and that the problem does not receive the attention it needs. “The
U.S. Department of Health and human Services reported 676,000 known victims of child abuse
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in 2016 alone” and “70% of child maltreatment fatalities involve children under the age of three”
according to Hicks and Dayton (2019, p. 44).
It is for these reasons that the children would significantly benefit from having the care of a
social worker. Failing to report these violations only allows the perpetrator to continue this
behavior and prolong the child’s suffering. Unfortunately, there are some social workers who are
no better at reporting these conditions than the parents who execute them. Crowell and Levi
(2012) pose that “significant problems arise from this lack of guidance: inconsistent reporting of
(possible) abuse, unequal protection of children, inequitable treatment of parents and families,
and inefficient use of child protection resources” (p. 37). They also point out that “these
difficulties are compounded by the vast number of individuals who qualify as mandated
reporters, a lack of education regarding circumstances that warrant reporting, the absence of
meaningful oversight regarding reporting practices, and reporter’s immunity from civil or
criminal lability” (Crowell & Levi, 2012, p. 38). This only reemphasizes that maintaining a high
level of trust and accountability in the field of social work, regardless of the workers’
demographics, is paramount. The very life of the child could rely on their intervention.
Crisis-Related Issue
Harmful effects of child abuse leave life-long scars on their victims. Many children have
scratches, cuts, and bruises that parents or perpetrators attempt to hide, which also includes the
mental and emotional damage on the inside. Realizing that there is little or nothing that they can
do, the child is left afraid, lonely, and often almost paralyzed by the event. The abuse could be
only one instance, or it might last for years. It could be one or both parents, a sibling, relative, or
even a close friend or neighbor. Failing to address these issues leaves abused children exposed
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and vulnerable. The emotional damage can carry well into adulthood and poor choices and poor
behavior could plague the child for years.
Still another problem that has faced members of social services for years is what exactly
determines child abuse. The line between corrective discipline and injury to a child is one that is
stands comparatively blurred. Different cultures and ethnicities live with dissimilar customs
which often conflict with one another and claiming a criminal offense could result in more
damage than the initial misdeed. Cradock (2014) proposes that “if child abuse is not a fixed
property but variable, not only through time but across knowledge domains, then it follows that
other proposed solutions are likely to vary according to the epistemological rules of each
knowledge domain” (p. 856). Hence, aside from obvious physical battery, the decision as to
whether or not a child has been abused may lie in the decernment of the child’s family, a family
whose members often fuel the problem.
Living with parents, stepparents, or intimate partners who are already in an abusive
relationship increases the probability of a case of child abuse. Intimate Partner, or Interpersonal,
Violence (IPV) ensues when two adults who are in a close, personal relationship and one or both
members become antagonistic toward another. The physical, emotional, and verbal exchanges
that take place between the couple are witnessed by the child who, in turn, becomes the subject
of collateral emotional damage. In a collection of testimonies, Stern (2014) shares that children
are the “silent witnesses” and that “71% of children witnessed the physical assault of their
mother and 10% witnessed the rape of their mother” (p. 362). These are reportedly the most
common situations where family members are kept silent and the abuse goes unreported until the
abuse become too destructive.
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Racial and ethical heritages can also determine how child abuse is perceived, especially in
terms of IPV. Costello and Klein (2019) share that “Past research links childhood exposure to
intimate partner violence (IPV) with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with preliminary
evidence that white children may be more traumatized by IPV exposure than African-American
children” (p. 37). They have also found that Hispanic children exhibit fewer trauma symptoms
from IPV than do white children, even as “exposure becomes more frequent” (Costello & Klein,
2019, p. 38). Having this variation in perspective also means that the reporting of instances could
be skewed as could the accuracy of statistics.
Disparities between urban and rural living conditions may likewise play a role in predicting a
child’s susceptibility to abuse. Puls, Bettenhausen, Markham, Walker, Drake, Kyler, Queen, and
Hall (2019) reported from a retrospective study across the United States of black, Hispanic, and
non-Hispanic white children under the age of five using the 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database and
the 2012 American Community Survey. They stated, “Neither crude nor adjusted overall rates of
child physical abuse hospitalizations varied significantly across the urban-rural spectrum”.
However, “crude child hospitalization rates decreased among black children 29.1 % (P=.004)
and increased among white children 25.6 % (P=.001) from central metro to rural counties”
posting that there is a noticeable margin. When examining rates among Hispanics, evidence
claimed that “children were proportionately lower compared with white children in all urbanrural categories” (Puls et al., 2019, p. 234). Puls et al., (2019) add “After adjusting for poverty,
only rates among black children continued to vary significantly, decreasing 34.8 %” suggesting
“that urban black children have unique exposures, outside of poverty, increasing their risk for
child physical abuse hospitalization” (p. 237). In summary, residential relocation statistics that
appear minimal to the assessor can reflect an event that can be very disturbing to a child.
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Crum (2017) presents another viable risk factor in stating “parental stress is a wellestablished risk factor for adverse child outcomes, including the development of aggression and
disruptive behavior” (p. 3069). Parents who do not exercise a means of stress relief stand an
increased chance of projecting their daily tensions on their children. Additionally, their children
may subconsciously adapt this pattern of behavior and prolong it yet another generation. Smith,
Cross, Winkler, Jovanovic, and Bradley (2014) identify this paradigm as “emotional
dysregulation and negative effect” posing that it “is frequently attributed to an intergenerational
“cycle of violence” through which abuse as a child increases risk for a wide range of
psychopathology…” (p. 489). This disorder supports the theory that the entire family could
benefit from some degree of counseling and intervention and not only the children.
Parents who suffer from substance abuse are more likely to subject their children to some
level of maltreatment because of the effects of their addiction. Drugs and alcohol remove the
parents from the child’s life through their self-seeking behavior, not only affecting current
conditions but by placing another generational disorder in motion. “Besides the risk for addictive
behaviors, children of substance abusers are also at higher risk of developing emotional,
behavioral, academics, criminal and other social problems” (Vilela, Silva, Garcia, de Grande, de
Roche, & Figlie, 2016, p. 227). Still another consequence of substance abuse that directly affects
children is the disintegration of the family. Parental separation, without question, takes most of
its toll on the couple and the majority of the life-transition undoubtedly focuses on them.
However, the children become secondary victims of the emotionally controlling and abusive
behavior of the couple and of the physical separation that follows. Hayes (2012) posits that
children become “weapons after separation” and that threats to take the children away, exposing
the children to things deemed inappropriate, placing blame on the spouse, and using the children
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to try and convince their ex-partner to reunite, are tactics parents use against one another and are
anguishes that children reportedly feel (p. 337). Fortunately, studies such as this provide
evidence that children are as directly affected by the relationships shared between their parents,
and it presents a sharper picture of the scale of abuse these circumstances wield. As a result,
multi-disciplinary measures are being taken to address the perpetuation of these degrading
practices and to help put an end to them.
More and more, new ideas and innovations are being put to use to create methods of change.
In more recent years, children who have been victims of abuse or have been subject to domestic
violence have been given a voice. “It has also been suggested that giving children who have
lived with domestic violence an opportunity to be heard, can have important therapeutic
benefits” (Lamb, Humphreys, & Hegarty, 2018, p. 167). Listening to the perspectives and
feelings of those who have no control or say in the matter will hopefully bring a deeper
realization to those that do and incite them to make behavioral changes.
Recognition must also be given to those in the public sector who dedicate themselves to
offering child protection and support. Swerin, Bostaph, King, and Gillespie (2018) report “more
than 17% of children report witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) in their homes, equating
to nearly 13 million children” (p. 417). They also report of a census “using police reports to
examine third-party viewpoints that include current observations rather than retrospective
accounts and emphasizing police reports to children who are exposed to DV” creating a more
reliable source of information (p. 422).
A relatively unknown tactic receiving attention from police is the monitoring of phone calls
made by inmates who are incarcerated. Bonomi and Martin (2017) contend that for “many
domestic violence victims, witness tampering continues throughout an abuser’s detention,,,” and
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that “abusers manipulate their victims into changing their stories to lessen the impending
criminal charges” (p. 99) . Additionally, through triangulation with children and their spouses,
abusers use self-serving tactics to alter the status of their case and potentially, its outcome.
According to Bonomi and Martin (2017), inmates minimized the degree of their abuse and
resisted the victim’s account, positioned themselves as the victim attempting to play on the true
victim’s emotions, positioned the couple as an entity against people “who did not understand
them and/or their relationship, requested the victim to recant, restructured “the abuse narrative to
protect the abuser’s “innocence”, “ , and declared the process as being unfair by “blaming the
State/judge Prosecutor for detaining the abuser” (p. 101). All of this in an effort to have
themselves exonerated and released to begin the cycle all over again.
As has been stated, victims of Child Abuse feel the impact from as many ways as there are
people in their lives. Unable to fend for themselves, they usually fall victim to the problems
faced by their parents and their parents’ significant others, except when the perpetrator lies
outside of the family circle. In an ever-increasing effort, “since the 1970s, as violence between
intimate partners became criminalized and incorporated into state and federal statutes” (Swerin,
Bostaph, King, & Gillespie, 2018, p. 420) and that numerous agencies have been created to
address this challenge and eliminate the harmful consequences experienced by children.
Interventions
Rebuilding from the overwhelming trauma of child abuse demands an often-awkward step
into transparency and willingness. Requesting a victimized child to openly share their hostile
incidence may cause more harm than good. The best practice is to find a treatment that fits the
client’s particular characteristics and circumstances. Although open sharing has had its
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successes, evidence postures that Mental Imagery and Visualization and Music Therapy are
equally as, if not more, effective in treating the young victims.
The human mind continues to be one of mankind’s greatest untapped resources. It rapidly
processes the thoughts that direct a busy lifestyle or feeds itself musings that paralyze a workday
with equal enthusiasm. The benefit of this dual nature is that both memory and present
perception may be accessed simultaneously, enabling the mind to administer to itself. Mental
Imagery constructs an emotional bridge between the experience of stress and anxiety and an
imaginary, peaceful retreat from reality.
Mental Imagery has had its solicitations for centuries. As far back as Plato, who postulated
that “Sensation, image, and feeling were potential facilitators on the way to Pure Form” and
Aristotle, who claimed “the goal was to reach and exercise the pinnacle of cognition, active
reason, a divine attribute” (Eigen, 2016, p. 615). Mental Imagery and Visualization has achieved
a respected position in study of mental health and has made significant contributions to the
practice of psychotherapy. Recognized now as more of a scientific application, this instrument is
increasing in popularity and implementation in psychological practices everywhere.
The afflictions of child abuse have long-term effects and victims claim that recovery is never
complete. Their only hope is to lessen the damage to a point of tolerance, should that be possible.
The most common diagnosis of child abuse victims is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and can
result from mental, physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or any combination of these. Typically
stemming from sexual violations, including multiple intimacies, is the “Feeling of Being
Contaminated” (FBC) (Jung & Steil, 2013, p. 213). Even after the perpetrator has long since
been removed from their lives, victims are still left with the pretense of uncleanliness. Jung and
Steil (2013) state that “the FBC is accompanied by vivid images of how the remains can be seen
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or felt”. When they view or touch their own bodies, become involved in intrapersonal closeness,
or recall traumatic events victims are triggered to the feeling of contamination. They report
thoughts of “’being worthless’, ‘like waste’, ‘unlovable’, and ‘contemptable’,” and view these
conditions as being “permanent” (Jung & Steil, 2013, p. 221). “Showering several times a day,
using very hot water, vinegar, or strong cleansing materials” (Jung & Steil, 2013, p. 222) are a
few of the coping methods practiced by victims in the past.
Since no explicit treatment has been determined to treat FBC, Jung and Steil (2013) report on
Mental Imagery, or Cognitive Restructuring and Imagery Modification (CRIM), as a coping
strategy. In this study a waitlist (WL) control group was compared to the CRIM, a combined
two-component treatment, and the FBC alone. The results state that “improvements in the
intensity of the FBC, its vividness, and uncontrollability, as well as the associated distress were
significantly larger for the CRIM group than the WL group…” (Jung & Steil, 2013, p. 223). In
essence, Mental Imagery produced more favorable results through the FBC treatment simply
because the victims, who already knew realistically that they were no longer contaminated, could
visualize themselves as being clean without the need for complete Cognitive Restructuring (Jung
& Steil, 2013). These discoveries support the belief that perception, as opposed to reality, is
often the true problem and can be positively transformed to build a healthier, more accurate
analysis of oneself.
An equally recognized treatment is Music Therapy. The sound of music and song has been
soothing to the ears since mankind first walked the face of the earth. Depictions of early
instrumentation decorate cave walls and cover passages through Egyptian pyramids telling of the
sacred stratum music has occupied for millennia. Only until more recent centuries has its
therapeutic disposition moved it from a spiritual or cultural practice to a scientific study. Raz
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(2014) shares how music coupled with science through “contemporaneous medical practice,
which between 1820 and 1850 used the harmonium regularly to help treat nervous disorders” (p.
167). Since those times, music has reflected moods of happiness, sorrow, and every emotion in
between.
Restoration following the torments of child abuse relies on two vital elements. First the child
must be willing to address the issue and, second, the child must be open and willing toward a
procedure of healing. Requesting this level of cooperation from an abused child may be met with
staunch resistance. Fortunately, Musical Therapy reaches epistemological statuses of familiarity
that offer victims a feeling of security and a sentiment of convalescence. Having treasured
different musical influences throughout their lives, the victims are equipped with a solution that
has been providing relief since birth. Immersing themselves in their favorite songs while in the
counsel of a therapist releases some of the stress and tension caused by the unfavorable
memories of the past. Exploring new genres can help construct a foundation of new songs and
pave a pathway to healing. Participation of family members in Musical Therapy offers healing in
one-on-one relationships and as a group. Musical Therapy not only promotes the victims’
healing, it also encourages family reunification. “The flexibility of music-based therapeutic
applications facilitated development of coordinated routines” or, essentially, guided their family
back toward a sense of normalcy (Varvara, 2012, p. 304).
Compare and Contrast
Examining the applications of these two chosen treatments renders evidence that they are not
necessarily flawed but may not be of best service to every client. Mental Imagery and
Visualization could accurately describe moments that occur in every child’s daily lives. The
exception is that children, in most cases, are simply daydreaming with no reason or purpose
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behind their contemplation. Conversely, Mental Imagery and Visualization is actually a
redirected method of therapy designed to envision an alternative outcome. When properly
executed the Mental Imagery and Visualization therapy replaces ardent recollections of the past
with ones supported by the more positive ideas of the present. This represents a significant
personal advancement for the victim and an opportunity for growth for the family. The obvious
drawback to the use of this therapy happens when the victim is not focused on healing and fails
to take the treatment seriously. They engage in nothing more than a mindfulness of fantasized
illusion that amounts to little more than daydreaming, as was mentioned earlier. The success of
Mental Imagery and Visualization therapy, as with most others, lies solely on the participation of
the victim.
Music Therapy needs little introduction, as its name speaks of its proposal. The emotional
and mental healing affects that music has on the human psyche is no secret. What may have been
originally developed as a means of worship or communication, has become a voice of feeling
and emotion. The therapeutic properties of music have long been an influence in every culture as
have those of Mental Imagery and Visualization. Without any doubt music has the ability to
direct the listener off to a place of peace and solitude. This accounts for the healing sensations
victims of child abuse experience. It provides a temporary removal from the fear and pain they
constantly experience and can bring an aire of hope.
In comparison, both therapies are readily accessible through thought process. One employs
visualization while the other employs vocalization and each are unique in their concept. In
contrast, Mental Imagery and Visualization bears no limitation in time, style, or theme while
Music Therapy may be limited by length of song or remembrance of a note or lyric. Collectively,
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both can be shared as a thought, idea, or image, or in tandem through song and offer similar if
not equal contributions to the victims of child abuse.
Conclusions
Child abuse may come in the form of physical, sexual, or emotional and includes alienation
and neglect. Evidence shows that socio-economic factors also play a part in increasing the risk of
child abuse (Magdalena et al., 2018). Children are often left to face the cruelty alone, and in
silence. In response, recognized agencies and organizations are answering the call and supplying
the solutions needed to surmount this challenge and bring about change. The research contained
in this document was used to analyze and endorse reputable treatments and therapeutic practices
available to children who suffer from child abuse.
It is the position of this paper that the two treatments are functionally unique in their
application and equally similar in their results. Music Therapy references an ancient but effective
art form that can be based on culture, race, ethnicity, or religion whereas Mental Imagery and
Visualization derives from more of a spiritual or meditative setting. The choice must be left up to
the individual.
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References
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Costello, L. F. & Klein, S. (2019). Racial/ethnic difference in determinants of trauma
symptomology in the us child welfare system. Journal of Family Violence, 34(1), 33-45.
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Cradock, G. (2014). Who owns child abuse? Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 854-870.
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outcomes: The role of abuse potential over time. Journal of Child and Family Studies,
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Hicks, L. M. & Dayton, C. J. (2019). Mindfulness and trauma symptoms predict child abuse
potential in risk-exposed, men and women during pregnancy. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90,
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Jung, K & Steil, R. (2013). A randomized control trial on cognitive restructuring and imagery
modification to reduce the feeling of being contaminated in adult survivors of childhood
sexual abuse suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics, 82(4), 213-220 DOI: 10.1159/0003348450
Lamb, K., Humphreys, C., & Hegarty, K. (2018). “Your behavior has consequences”: Children
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Puls, H. T., Bettenhausen, J. L., Markham, J. L., Walker, J. M., Drake, B., Kyler, K. E., Queen,
M. A. & Hall, M. (2019). Urban-rural residence and child physical abuse hospitalizations: A
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CHILD ABUSE AND INTERVENTION
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Section III
Effective Coping
Strategies
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Section III: Effective Coping Strategies
— Aristotle
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“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence,
then, is not an act but a habit.”
Effective Coping Strategies—Richard Lazarus
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Purpose:
1. To reduce harmful
environmental conditions
2. To tolerate/adjust
negative events
3. To maintain a positive
self-image
4. To maintain emotional
equilibrium
Effective Coping Strategies II
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For a coping technique to be
effective, it must:
1. Help increase awareness of
the situation
2. Augment the information
processing of stress
3. Help modify any related
stress-prone behaviors
4. Work toward a peaceful
resolution of the stressor
Chapter 9
Cognitive
Restructuring:
Reframing
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Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com
“Everything can be taken
away from man but one thing
—the last human freedom, to
choose one’s attitude in any
given set of circumstances.”
— Viktor Frankl,
Nazi Concentration Camp
Survivor
Theories of Cognitive Reappraisal
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• Albert Ellis: Rational
Emotional Behavioral
Therapy
• Martin Seligman: Positive
Psychology
A Thinking Process Model
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Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com
FIGURE 9.1 The information-processing model of human thought.
Reframing
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Reframing is a term used to
describe a positive mind
frame of a stressful event. It’s
not a denial or a Pollyanna
delusion. Rather it is an
exercise in ego detachment
from the unmet emotional
expectation.
Two Minds Are Better Than One
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Unconscious Resistance:
Mental Sabotage
Two Minds Are Better Than One II
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Positive affirmations only
work when the unconscious
mind is united with the
conscious mind!
Toxic Thoughts
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Toxic thoughts are a form of
negative self-defeating selftalk, a form of ego-generated
pessimism that often
sabotages our best efforts.
Toxic Thoughts lead to . . .
Victim Consciousness
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© Randy Glasbergen, used with permission from www.glasbergen.com.
Figure 9.3. The programming that develops as “unconscious
resistance” can originate from parents, grandparents, or even
ourselves over and over and over again.
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FIGURE 9.3 Bad programming starts early in childhood, but the good news is that we
can learn to reprogram our thoughts at any point in our lives.
Cognitive Distortion by David Burns
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1. All-or-none thinking
2. Over-generalizations
3. Mental filter
4. Disqualifying the positive
5. Jumping to conclusions
Cognitive Distortion by David Burns II
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6. Magnification
7. Emotional reasoning
8. Should statements
9. Labeling and mislabeling
10. Personalization
PQ: Positive Intelligence
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 6.5 The search for happiness and joy begins inside, cultivating and focusing on
pleasant thoughts and perceptions. Creating a pleasurable environment and surrounding
yourself with happy people and friends also helps to cultivate feelings of eustress.
© Randy Glasbergen, used with permission from www.glasbergen.com.
Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com
FIGURE 9.6 Learn to tune out negativity!
Photographs from Water Sound Images by Alexander Lauterwasser. © 2006 MACROmedia Publishing, Eliot, ME, USA.
www.cymaticsource.com. Used by Permission.
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FIGURE 9.4 In this photo, a recording of opera singer Luciano
Pavarotti is projected into a small sample of water. The wave
trains in the water reveal the delicate harmonic pattern of the
audio frequencies of his voice. From this, and many similar
images, one can begin to appreciate the impact (either
harmonious or discordant) that spoken words and even our
thoughts—which are more subtle forms of vibration—can
have on our bodies, which are composed mostly of water.
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FIGURE 9.5 According to some experts, the
unconscious mind does not acknowledge
negative thoughts. Thoughts such as “I won’t get
nervous,” are interpreted as “I will get nervous,”
which then often results in nervous behavior.
Thinking positively allows the conscious and
unconscious minds to work together.
The Choice to Choose Our Own Thoughts
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Acceptance: An Alternative Choice
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Steps to Initiate Cognitive Restructuring
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1. Awareness (of toxic
thoughts)
2. Reappraisal of the situation
3. Adoption and substitution
4. Evaluation (of new thought
processes)
Some Additional Tips for Cognitive Restructuring
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1. Initiate a relaxation
technique to calm your mind
2. Take responsibility for your
own thoughts
3. Fine-tune expectations
4. Give yourself positive
affirmations
5. Accentuate the positive
Best Application of Reframing
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Chapter 10
Healthy Boundaries:
Behavior Modification
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“One, but the light bulb
has really got to want to
change.”
— Anonymous
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“How many psychiatrists
does it take to change a
light bulb?”
—Anonymous
Developing a Mastery of Healthy Boundaries
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Behavior as a Component of Personality
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Values
Attitudes
Behaviors
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Behavior Models
(Why we think and
behave the way we
do!)
Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Modeling
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The Behavior Modification Model
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1. Awareness
2. Desire to Change
3. Cognitive Restructuring
4. Behavior Substitute
5. Evaluation
Stages of Change, James Prochaska
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1. Precontemplation Stage
2. Contemplation Stage
3. Determination Stage
4. Action Stage
5. Maintenance Stage
6. Relapse Stage
Stress as a Trigger to Relapse?
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Human Behavior Styles
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1. Passive Behavior Style
2. Aggressive Behavior Style
3. Assertive Behavior Style*
* The ideal choice
Assertiveness
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How to incorporate
assertiveness into your
life routine
Assertiveness Skills
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1. Say no without guilt
2. Freedom to change your mind
3. Create time to form a response
4. Ask for assistance (when needed)
5. Ask for what you really want
6. Learn to express your feelings
7. Maintain confident optimism
8. Own guilt-free mistakes
9. Take ownership of your opinions
10. Politely protest unfair
treatment and criticism
11. Take ownership of proud
recognition
More Assertiveness Skills
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1. Learn to say “No”
2. Learn to use “I”
statements
3. Use eye contact
4. Use assertive body
language
5. Practice peaceful
disagreement
6. Avoid manipulation
7. Respond rather than react
Adapting to Major Life Changes
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1. Engage in Healthy Grieving
2. Practice Acceptance
3. Stay Grounded
4. Access Resources
5. Create Sound Strategies
6. Evaluate Your Progress
7. Celebrate Your Success
Steps to Initiate Behavior Modification
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Steps to Initiate Behavior Modification II
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1. Select an undesirable behavior.
2. How motivated are you to change
this behavior?
3. How can you modify this behavior?
What changes in your thoughts are
necessary to make this change
successfully?
4. What is the new behavior you
wish to adopt?
5. After trying this new behavior, how
did it feel? (Evaluate your progress
with this behavior change.)
The Power of Habit, Charles Duhig
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1. Cue
2. Routine
3. Reward (gratification)
The Anatomy of High Self-Esteem
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Chapter 14
Creative Problem
Solving
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“Make it a practice to
keep on the lookout
for novel and
interesting ideas that
others have used
successfully. Your idea
only has to be original
in its adaptation to the
problem you are
working on.”
— Thomas Alva Edison
Edison’s Florida Desk
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission
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FIGURE 14.4 Several decades after his death, Thomas Alva Edison is still considered to
be one of the most creative Americans, with more than 1,093 patents. Here is his desk in
his Florida studio where much of his Creative process—from artist to warrior—took place.
© 360b/Shutterstock
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FIGURE 14.2 Creativity isn’t a gift for a chosen few. It is a birthright for everyone. The renowned Blue Man
Group show has been described as a visual and sensory extravaganza, just one example of people who
have put their creative talents to use. You can, too, in a way that empowers you.
© Paul Sakuma/AP/Shutterstock
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FIGURE 14.3 If you think you’re not creative,
you’ll prove yourself right. You may not be a
Steve Jobs, but everyone has the makings of
a creative person, including you!
The Creative Process
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Secondary Creativity
Left Brain
Primary Creativity
Right Brain
Creativity is a “whole brain process.”
Secondary Creativity
Left Brain
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Primary Creativity
Right Brain
The Roles of Creativity
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The Explorer
The Artist
The Judge
The Warrior
The Explorer
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The Artist
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The Judge
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The Warrior
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© Isabella Bannerman. Reprinted with permission.
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FIGURE 14.7 Learning to think outside the box.
Obstacles to the Creative Process
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Roadblocks to creativity
typically involved fear-based,
ego-produced thoughts that
inhibit the creative problemsolving process from ever
getting off the ground.
VanGundy’s Roadblocks
1. Perceptual Roadblocks
2. Emotional Roadblocks
3. Intellectual Roadblocks
4. Cultural Roadblocks
5. Environmental Roadblocks
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Von Oech’s Roadblocks
1. The Right Answer
2. I’m not Creative
3. Don’t Be Foolish
4. To Err is Wrong
Creativity:
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Bend it!
Break it!
Blend it!
From Creativity to Creative Problem Solving
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FIGURE 14.9 Creative problem solving is rarely a linear process.
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FIGURE 14.10 The map of creative problem solving. Creative problem
solving is rarely a linear process because what appears to be a good idea
at the start may result in heading back to the drawing board and starting
all over again until success is achieved.
Creative Problem Solving II
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1. Description of the Problem
2. Generate Ideas
3. Idea Selection & Refinement
4. Idea Implementation
5. Evaluation & Analysis
Creativity in the 21st Century Job Market
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“Because knowledge is available on
every Internet-connected device, what
you know matters far less than what
you can do with what you know. The
capacity to innovate—the capacity to
solve problems creatively or bring new
possibilities to life, and skills like
critical thinking, communication, and
collaboration are far more important
than academic knowledge.”
— Thomas Friedman, NY Times
Columnist
Creativity in the 21st Century Job Market II
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Essential questions to ask yourself
for today’s job market:
1. What is your passion?
2. What are your resources?
3. How can you turn your passion
into a viable product?
4. How can you use your
networking skills to promote
yourself?
5. How can you invent (or reinvent)
yourself and make yourself
relevant in the world you live in?
Creativity and Creative Problem Solving
During a Pandemic
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Best Application of Creative Problem Solving
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Chapter 13
Humor Therapy
(Comic Relief)
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“A good laugh and a long nap are the two best cures for anything.”
—Irish Proverb
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Humor: A perception of
something funny or comical, not
a mood but a perception that
can trigger a feeling or mood of
joy and happiness (even if only
for a brief moment!)
Definition:
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Definition:
Humor: A perception of
something funny or comical, not
a mood but a perception that
can trigger a feeling or mood of
joy and happiness (even if only
for a brief moment!)
Historical Perspective
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© Photos.com
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FIGURE 13.1 Because laughing and smiling were
thought to be sins at the turn of the nineteenth
century, no one did so in front of a camera for fear
of being blackmailed with the proof.
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Three factors must occur for
humor to register in the mind:
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Three factors must occur for
humor to register in the mind:
1. Sources that act as
potential stimuli (e.g., a pie
thrown in the face)
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Three factors must occur for
humor to register in the mind:
1. Sources that act as
potential stimuli (e.g., a pie
thrown in the face)
2. The interpretation of the
stimuli (perceiving a whipcreamed face as funny)
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Three factors must occur for
humor to register in the mind:
1. Sources that act as
potential stimuli (e.g., a pie
thrown in the face)
2. The interpretation of the
stimuli (perceiving a whipcreamed face as funny)
3. Behavioral response:
Laughter, smiling
Theories of Humor
(Reasons Why We Laugh and Smile)
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Theories of Humor II
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1. Superiority Theory
(emotion-based theory)
Theories of Humor III
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1. Superiority Theory
(emotion-based theory)
2. Incongruity Theory
(cognitive-based theory)
Theories of Humor IV
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1. Superiority Theory
(emotion-based theory)
2. Incongruity Theory
(cognitive-based theory)
3. Release/Relief Theory
(physical/body-based
theory)
Theories of Humor V
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1. Superiority Theory
(emotion-based theory)
2. Incongruity Theory
(cognitive-based theory)
3. Release/Relief Theory
(physical/body-based
theory)
4. Divinity Theory (spiritbased theory)
Inappropriate Humor: Don’t!
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Types and Senses of Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
6. Black Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
6. Black Humor
7. Irony
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
6. Black Humor
7. Irony
8. Dry Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
6. Black Humor
7. Irony
8. Dry Humor
9. Bathroom Humor
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1. Parody (self-parody)
2. Satire
3. Slapstick Humor
4. Absurd/Nonsense Humor
5. Double Entrendre
6. Black Humor
7. Irony
8. Dry Humor
9. Bathroom Humor
10. Sarcasm
(top) © CBC/ITV/Kobal/Shutterstock. (bottom) © Erik Pendzich/Shutterstock
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FIGURE 13.3 Many types of humor (irony, dry humor, even slapstick and
bathroom humor) were written into the scripts of the hit show Schitt’s Creek
(with some of the best scenes written for David and Moira Rose’s Characters),
making the show a widespread hit. Jordan Peele and Keegan-Michael Key
(bottom photo above) starred in the Comedy Central series Key & Peele for
five seasons from 2012 to 2015 and continue to add comic relief to popular
shows and movies.
Senses of Humor
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Senses of Humor II
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1. Conventional Sense of
Humor
Senses of Humor III
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1. Conventional Sense of
Humor
2. Life of the Party Sense of
Humor
Senses of Humor IV
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1. Conventional Sense of
Humor
2. Life of the Party Sense of
Humor
3. Creative Sense of Humor
Senses of Humor V
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1. Conventional Sense of
Humor
2. Life of the Party Sense of
Humor
3. Creative Sense of Humor
4. Good Sport Sense of Humor
FIGURE 13.2 The divinity theory of humor becomes
evident in cartoons like Bizarro.
Bizarro © 2004, Dan Piraro. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, Inc.
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Figure 13.2. The divinity theory
of humor becomes apparent in
cartoons like Non-Sequitur.
Does God have a sense of
humor? Most theologians
think (and hope) so!
Laughter Yoga
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Humor as a Coping Technique
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© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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As a defense mechanism,
humor decreases anxiety and
increases pleasure.
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As a defense mechanism,
humor decreases anxiety and
increases pleasure.
Humor helps crack open the
right side of the brain to gain a
wider perspective on things so
we can laugh at ourselves.
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As a defense mechanism,
humor decreases anxiety and
increases pleasure.
Humor helps crack open the
right side of the brain to gain a
wider perspective on things so
we can laugh at ourselves.
Humor (e.g., joy, mirth,
happiness) balances out
common feelings of fears and
frustrations.
The Physiology of Laughter
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Courtesy of Matt Pfenninger.
The Effects of Humor:
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The Effects of Humor II
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1. Decreases muscle tension
2. Decreases resting heart rate,
blood pressure
3. Decreases emotional stress
(anxiety)
4. Increases neuropeptides
(endorphins)
5. Increases immune system
integrity
6. Increases overall sense of
well-being
The Effects of Humor III
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1. Decreases muscle tension
2. Decreases resting heart rate,
blood pressure
3. Decreases emotional stress
(anxiety)
4. Increases neuropeptides
(endorphins)
5. Increases immune system
integrity
6. Increases overall sense of
well-being
Courtesy of Patch Adams, M.D.
Figure 13.6 Renowned Physician, Patch Adams, M.D.
has dedicated his life to the healing profession to use
humor rather than drugs or surgery.
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FIGURE 13.6 Patch Adams, M.D., has dedicated his career
in the healing profession to making health care free and
nonhierarchical for all people in a loving, playful hospital. So
to use humor as both a context for medical practice and for
living life, he sees clowning as a trick to bring love close.
Sharing humor seems to multiply the effects of laughter on
well-being. Here Adams is with refugee children from the
former Yugoslavia.
Steps to Initiate Comic Relief
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself)
TOO seriously
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself)
TOO seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a
day
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
5. Learn to hyper-exaggerate when
telling a story
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
5. Learn to hyper-exaggerate when
telling a story
6. Build a humor library and start a
tickler notebook
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
5. Learn to hyper-exaggerate when
telling a story
6. Build a humor library and start a
tickler notebook
7. Seek a host of humorous venues
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
5. Learn to hyper-exaggerate when
telling a story
6. Build a humor library and start a
tickler notebook
7. Seek a host of humorous venues
8. Access your humor network
(friends)
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1. Don’t take life (or yourself) TOO
seriously
2. Find one humorous thing a day
3. Improve your imagination and
creativity
4. Start a joke/cartoon collection
5. Learn to hyper-exaggerate when
telling a story
6. Build a humor library and start a
tickler notebook
7. Seek a host of humorous venues
8. Access your humor network
(friends)
9. Improve your self-esteem
Best Application of Comic Relief
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© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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Patch Adams, MD with author Brian Luke Seaward
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Chapter 11
Journal Writing
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“We write to discover the layers that reside
below the surface of our ordinary day.”
— Kathleen (Kay) Adams
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Therapeutic journal writing
can be defined as:
“A series of written passages
that document the personal
events, thoughts, feelings,
memories, and perceptions in
one’s life journey leading to
wholeness.”
Cultivating the Soul-Searching Process
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Self-Exploration of Thoughts and Feelings
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Historical Perspective
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Historical Perspective II
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Magellan
Lewis & Clark
Columbus
Marco Polo
Kings and Queens
Astronauts
Journal Writing as a Coping Technique
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Research on the Health Effects of Journaling
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Research on the Health Effects of Journaling II
• Increases immune function
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Research on the Health Effects of Journaling III
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling IV
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling V
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Decreases stress levels
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling VI
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Decreases stress levels
• Beneficial for fibromyalgia
patients
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling VII
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Decreases stress levels
• Beneficial for fibromyalgia
patients
• Augments grieving process
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling VIII
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Decreases stress levels
• Beneficial for fibromyalgia
patients
• Augments grieving process
• Helps cope with stressful life
events
Research on the Health Effects of Journaling IX
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• Increases immune function
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases cholesterol levels
• Decreases stress levels
• Beneficial for fibromyalgia
patients
• Augments grieving process
• Helps cope with stressful life
events
• Promotes helpful cathartic
release for Iraq war veteran wives
Journal Writing: Immediate Effects
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Short Term Effects
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Journal Writing allows for a
healthy emotional catharsis.
Journal Writing: Long Term Effects
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Long Term Effects
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You see patterns in thoughts
and behaviors that are hard to
notice on a day-to-day basis.
Steps to Initiate Journal Writing
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Journaling Strategy
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Journaling Strategy II
• Identify stressful issues
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Journaling Strategy III
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• Identify stressful issues
• Identify emotions with these
issues
Journaling Strategy IV
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• Identify stressful issues
• Identify emotions with these
issues
• Consider creative solutions
to problems
Journal Writing Tips: Getting Started . . .
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Journal Writing Tips: Getting Started . . . II
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• Centering
• Label your entries
• Uncensorship
• Spontaneity
• A private place
• A private journey
• Overcoming writer’s block
Poetry Therapy
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Poetry Therapy II
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Making order out of personal
chaos
Blogging vs Journaling
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Writer’s Block!
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Journal Writing Styles: Themes and Ideas
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Styles and Themes
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Styles and Themes II
• Buzan Style
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Styles and Themes III
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• Buzan Style
• Proprioceptive Method
Styles and Themes IV
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• Buzan Style
• Proprioceptive Method
• Dream Journal
Styles and Themes V
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• Buzan Style
• Proprioceptive Method
• Dream Journal
• Unsent Letters
Styles and Themes VI
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• Buzan Style
• Proprioceptive Method
• Dream Journal
• Unsent Letters
• Others
Best Tips for Journal Writing
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Journaling Tips
• Get a nice notebook
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Journaling Tips II
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• Get a nice notebook
• Start an entry with lists
Journaling Tips III
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• Get a nice notebook
• Start an entry with lists
• Consider soft background
music
Journaling Tips IV
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• Get a nice notebook
• Start an entry with lists
• Consider soft background
music
• Consider a centering device,
like a seashell
Journaling Tips V
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• Get a nice notebook
• Start an entry with lists
• Consider soft background
music
• Consider a centering device,
like a seashell
• Try a poem or even rap
Journaling Tips VI
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• Get a nice notebook
• Start an entry with lists
• Consider soft background
music
• Consider a centering device,
like a seashell
• Try a poem or even rap
• Keep a journal section for
ideas, doodles, and photo
collages
Journaling: The Art of Soul-Searching
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 11.3 The art of journal writing goes back eons. When taking the time to put
your thoughts on paper, you begin to process not only what you are thinking and feeling,
but also why you may be thinking and feeling this way. Some suggest that writing, rather
than typing, allows the mind better quality of time to process these thoughts and feelings
to come to a sense of resolution (catharsis).
Best Application for Journal Writing
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Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com
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Chapter 12
Expressive Art
Therapy
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Coloring Books for Adults
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A Historical Perspective
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
Rock Art, Three Rivers, New Mexico , 2000 years old
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FIGURE 12.1 Art, as a personal expression, dates back thousands of years, as shown
in these photos of rock art petroglyphs drawn by ancient American Indians, discovered
at Three Rivers, New Mexico, and believed to be more than 2,000 years old.
The Power of Non-verbal Communication
Dream Image
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The Power of the Unconscious Mind
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 12.3 A simple drawing of a tree can indicate a great many things about
someone and his or her level of self-esteem.
Self-Portrait
FIGURE 12.10 (b) Angered by all the cyber-noise
(cacophony), this person drew himself “in the age
of TRON,” frustrated by the brave new, noisy world
he finds himself in. “These days I cannot think for
myself,” he added.
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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In art therapy, everything put on
paper means something, every
color used, every mark made,
every intentional and nonintentional aspect is a message
from the unconscious mind to
express something valuable.
The Clinical Use of Art Therapy
FIGURE 12.6 An example of art therapy used to treat
migraine headache. Notice no mouth is drawn in this
illustration (supporting the concept of the somatizer).
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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Anger Expression
Self-Portrait: Anorexic
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• War Veterans
• Anorexics
• Abused Children
• Cancer Patients
• Children of US Soldiers
• Others
Doodling as a Form of Art Therapy
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 12.7 Doodles may not seem like
a form of therapy, but they, too, reveal
what cannot be expressed verbally.
Permission granted for use. Cartoon © Mark Parisi, www.offthemark.com.
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FIGURE 12.2 Adults are rediscovering what children have known all along—coloring books can be stress relievers. Adult coloring books,
particularly mandalas, are more than a passing trend; they have become a popular coping technique for stress.
Color Code
Draw a line with eyes closed
Courtesy of Alexander Johnson.
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FIGURE 12.9 This illustration was drawn by a student who chose
the theme in which one closes one’s eyes, draws a line, and then
opens the eyes and turns the paper around slowly until an image
comes to mind. In this case, the student completed the illustration
by drawing a Santa Fe fresco in the likeness of the Virgin Mary.
Red—Passion (anger/love)
Orange—Change
Yellow—Energy
Green—Happiness
Blue—Happiness, joy
Purple—Spiritual nature
White—Fear/hope
Black—Fear/power
Gray—Indecisiveness
Steps to Initiate Art Therapy
Courtesy of Allison E. Fisher Memorial Fund, Inc.
Self-Portrait
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FIGURE 12.8 This illustration was drawn by a student who saw herself as having high self-esteem. The fish
represents beauty and freedom. The color orange represents a major life change (the artist was a graduating
senior), and the green plant (stability) with four leaves represents four job offers she had received.
Artwork Interpretation
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Self-Portrait, Cancer Patient
Illustrative Themes
Expression of Anger
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• Self-portrait (some aspect of you)
• Two fantasy animals
• Close your eyes and draw a line
. . . then open . . .
• Healing images
• Mental image
Peaceful image
How you feel right now
Dream image
• Draw anger and/or fear
• Draw anything you’d like
Types of Art Therapy Media
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Healing Image
Healing Image
FIGURE 12.4 The artist drew a picture of herself with some
health issues (sore neck and hands), explaining that she was
“experiencing some physical limitations yet I plan to do some
more activities such as hiking and swimming”.
Courtesy of Diana Smadbeck.
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• Pastels
• Crayons
• Clay
• Silk
• Tiles
• Many other styles
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Magic Markers on Tiles
Best Application of Art Therapy
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Expression of Fear
Examples of Art Therapy
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Self-Portrait
Drawing of Health Issues
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 12.5 Choosing the theme of illness
(stress and disease), this woman made an
immediate connection between her emotions
and various physical ailments, even labeling
her illustration “Dis-Ease.”
Draw a line with eyes closed
Courtesy of Tracy Murphy.
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FIGURE 12.12 Selecting the theme: Close your eyes and
draw a line, then open your eyes and finish the drawing,
this person saw vitality and energy in the form of a dancer,
expressing a freedom of movement, a feeling reinforced
with color selection.
Healing Image: Before
Courtesy of Diana Smadbeck.
FIGURE 12.4B Her second illustration, drawn weeks later,
reveals a new direction and energy in her life, with good things
on the horizon.
Courtesy of Diana Smadbeck.
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FIGURE 12.4A The artist drew a picture of herself with some
health issues (sore neck and hands), explaining that she was
“experiencing some physical limitations yet I plan to do some
more activities such as hiking and swimming”.
Healing Image: After
Courtesy of Sabrina Neu.
Feelings of Anger and Fear
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FIGURE 6.1 Stressful situations can promote feelings of either anger or fear, or in some cases both.
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Expression of anger
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Dream Image
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Expression of Anger/frustration
Courtesy of Julie Kosey.
Expression of Anger/Frustration II
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FIGURE 12.11 I created the dragon image first as an image that represented fear. (Workbook p. 111,
#1. “Draw an expression of how you feel when you are either angry or afraid.”) Then I chose “draw
anything” and a beautiful flower emerged. (Workbook p. 111, #10 “Draw whatever you wish!”). When I
looked at them together, to me the flower represented love overcoming fear (dragon).
Draw a line with eyes closed II
Courtesy of Robin Thompson.
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FIGURE 12.10 (a) Up from the unconscious comes a message of planetary
healing as the earth is cradled by an external force. “The image that initially
appeared was the classic figure of a young woman, as I let loose with quick
orange strokes. As she emerged, the earth image felt needed—the blue
circle/drum, then the need to offer healing, the desire to put in the breath
and the Scandinavian herbal bundle as well. As I drew this, I started to cry.”
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Expression of Anger (somatizer)
Unresolved Anger Feelings
© Inspiration Unlimited. Used with permission.
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FIGURE 12.13 You don’t have to be an artist to do art
therapy. It’s not about talent; it’s about allowing the
unconscious mind to speak through colors and images.
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Unresolved Anger Feelings II
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