Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Hirschheim, R., & Klein, H. K.

Title Realizing emancipatory principles in information systems development: the case for ETHICS.

Year 1994

Journal MIS Quarterly, 18, 83–109. doi:10.2307/249611

Summary Hirschheim and Klein (1994, p. 84) explain that “The purpose of this paper is to introduce emancipatory ideals

with reference to their philosophical foundation (neohumanism) and explain how they relate to ISD at the level of

the organization”. Such a treatment of emancipatory concerns is important because it could contribute to the

realization of freedom of speech and democratic ideals at the organizational level. (Hirschheim & Klein, 1994).

What was the

problem that

they were trying

to address?

The main problem that Hirschheim and Klein (1994, p. 84) were trying to address was “suggesting, how an

already existing ISD methodology could be “modified” to incorporate the ideals of neohumanism”

How did they

address the

problem?

Hirschheim and Klein (1994) argue that their modification of ETHICS is nothing more than a special case of a

more general concept-that of critical methodology reformulation. Critical reformulation involves two steps: (1)

performing an assumptions analysis to identify the basic building blocks of a methodology and (2) proposing

improvements for overcoming the limitations inherent in these assumption

What theories,

if any were

used?

The management theory (“Management theories are implemented to help increase organizational productivity

and service quality”) and The Critical social theory (“Critical researchers assume that social reality is

historically constituted and that it is produced and reproduced by people”) were used.

What were their

findings?

Hirschheim and Klein (1994, p. 85) contend that “one contribution of this paper is the proposal of a theoretical

structure for organizing participation of those who are directly involved with ISD. It does not extend this

structure to all affected by ISD “at the same time, Hirschheim and Klein (1994, p. 84) argue that “in addition to

user participation there is a need for some type of emancipator ideals/principles to be include.

What future

research was

discussed?

Hirschheim and Klein (1994, p. 100) contend that “This paper shows how, through incremental changes in which

information systems are designed and implemented, at least some progress could be made with emancipation in

practice. Finally, this paper presented a concrete example of methodology reformulation. Its main contribution

lies in the moving of four key features of the ETHICS methodology center stage and suggesting a new way of

presenting not just this methodology but any methodology with some emancipatory potential”

Full APA

formatted

citation.

Hirschheim, R., & Klein, H. K. (1994). Realizing Emancipatory Principles in Information Systems Development:

The Case for ETHICS. MIS Quarterly, 18, 83–109. doi:10.2307/249611

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Beath, C. M., & Orlikowski, W. J.
Title The Contradictory Structure of Systems Development Methodologies: Deconstructing the IS-User Relationship

in Information Engineering

Year 1994
Journal Information Systems Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (DECEMBER 1994), pp. 350-377
Summary In this paper, Beath & Orlikowski (1994, p. 350) show that “systems development methodologies may contain

incompatible assumptions about the role of users and information systems (IS) personnel during systems

development”.
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

Beath & Orlikowski (1994, p. 350) explain that “their analysis raises important questions about the relationship

between the production and consumption of information technology in organizations, and despite a heavy

emphasis on user involvement, users are given a relatively passive role to play during development, at the same

time, users are expected to sign off on projects and take responsibility for project outcomes”.

How did they
address the
problem?

Beath & Orlikowski (1994, p. 351) suggest that “Their prescriptions for overcoming these difficulties have

included enhanced user training, increased business exposure for analysts, more vigorous and rigorous use of

structured methods, and a variety of mechanisms for facilitating closer interaction between users and IS, such as

interdisciplinary project teams and liaison positions to support lateral coordination”
What theories, if
any were used?

The theory that the authors used is the “Organization Theory and Methodology,” the same explicitly taking the

text’s criteria for scientific work and then using deconstruction to show how the text violates its own criteria.

(Beath & Orlikowski, 1994)
What were their
findings?

Beath & Orlikowski (1994, p. 366) contend that “They found a significant incompatibility between the rhetoric

of “user involvement” and the prescribed procedures that engage users only marginally and passively in the

systems development process”. These findings may shed some light on the recurring conflict between analysts

and users during the systems development process.
What future
research was
discussed?

Beath & Orlikowski (1994, p. 375) argue that further research is need, stating “We would need to inquire into the

circumstances within which users require, understand, and appropriate information systems, and we would need

to examine the conditions that leave users with little control over the development of the technological resources

they use in their work”.
Full APA
formatted
citation.

Beath, C. M., & Orlikowski, W. J. (1994). The Contradictory Structure of Systems Development Methodologies:

Deconstructing the IS-User Relationship in Information Engineering. INFORMATION SYSTEMS

RESEARCH, 5, 350–377. doi:10.1287/isre.5.4.350

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Nunamaker Jr., J. F., & Chen, M.
Title Systems development in information systems research
Year 1990
Journal System Sciences, 1990., Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Hawaii International Conference, 631-640

vol.3
Summary Nunamaker Jr. & Chen (1990, p. 631) contend that “In this paper, the authors critically review the systems

development in information systems (IS) research. Several classification schemes of research are described and

systems development is identified as a developmental, engineering, and formulated type of research”.
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

Rather than a problem, it is an argument. Nunamaker Jr. & Chen (1990, p. 631) Contend that “Progress in. several
disciplinary areas is reviewed to provide a basis to argue that systems development is a valid research methodology”

How did they
address the
problem?

The authors of this paper argue that “A framework to classify IS research domain and various research methodologies

in studying systems development is presented” (Nunamaker Jr. & Chen, 1990, p. 631).

What theories, if
any were used?

The authors of this paper, did not discuss any theory, but from the elements and claims that the authors present, it

is clear that the “Argumentation Theory” is used in this paper.
What were their
findings?

It is the authors’ belief that systems development and empirical research methodologies are complementary to each

other” (Nunamaker Jr. & Chen, 1990, p. 631)

What future
research was
discussed?

Nunamaker Jr. & Chen (1990, p. 639) suggest that “An integrated multi-dimension and multi-methodology

approach will generate fruitful research results in IS research”

Full APA
formatted
citation.

Nunamaker Jr., J. F., & Chen, M. (1990). Systems development in information systems research. System

Sciences, 1990., Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Hawaii International Conference on.

doi:10.1109/HICSS.1990.205401

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Iivari, J., & Huisman, M.
Title The Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Deployment of Systems Development Methodologies
Year 2007
Journal MIS Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 35-58
Summary This exploratory study analyzes the relationship between organizational culture and the deployment of systems

development methodologies. (Iivari & Huisman, 2007)
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

Iivari, J., & Huisman, M. (2007, p. 35) argue that “systems development continues to be challenging. Problems
regarding the cost, timeliness, and quality of software products still exist.

How did they
address the
problem?

In view of the state of existing research, this paper is an exploratory, theory-building exercise. Methodologically,

it is a quantitative survey. The authors of this paper will answer this question by developing a survey instrument

based on the extant literature on organizational culture and SDM deployment. (Iivari & Huisman, 2007)

What theories, if
any were used?

In this paper the authors use the Creating-Theory (“Process-Theory”). Iivari, J., & Huisman, M. (2007, p. 42)

argue that ” this paper is of the theory-creating rather than theory-testing. Even though theory-creating research is

sometimes associated with qualitative and interpretive research methods rather than with quantitative ones”.
What were their
findings?

This paper present one striking finding and that is: the positive relationship between the hierarchical culture

orientation and SDM deployment in the case of IS developers: the more hierarchical a culture is perceived to be,

the more support SDMs are perceived to provide and the more they are used. (Iivari & Huisman, 2007, p. 42).
What future
research was
discussed?

Potential research question is whether Hypotheses H6a and H6b can be generalized
to cover these more recent SMD’s.(“H6a: The rational cultural orientation has a negative impact on IT managers’ believe

and H6b:The hierarchical cultural orientation has a positive impact on IS developers’ belief (Iivari & Huisman, 2007, p.

47).
Full APA
formatted
citation.

Iivari, J., & Huisman, M. (2007). The Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Deployment of

Systems Development Methodologies. Mis Quarterly, 31, 35–58. doi:10.2307/25148780

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Fowler, M., & Highsmith, J.
Title The agile manifesto
Year 2001
Journal Software Development, 9(8), 28-35.- doi:10.1177/004057368303900411
Summary The workshop was organized, with the main idea to bring people together who they felt were active in

communities with similar ideas, and got seventeen of them together for the Snowbird workshop in 2001. What

emerged from this workshop was the “agile” software development alliance. (Fowler & Highsmith, 2001).
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

The main problem that they were dealing with, was: the wide range of publications – Software development, and

score of organization developing their own light approach to building software.

How did they
address the
problem?

Fowler & Highsmith (2001) got a statement, a manifesto that could be used to rally the industry behind these

kinds of techniques.

What theories, if
any were used?

Rather than a theory, it was discussions of ideas.

What were their
findings?

Fowler & Highsmith (2001) expalin that. their conclusion then, which they still believe now, is that there were

some fundamental principles that united these methodologies, and these principles were a notable contrast from

the assumptions of the established methodologies.
What future
research was
discussed?

The authors of this paper, did not discuss future research, just pointed out that “Agile Team, must refine and

reflect as it goes along, constantly improving its practices in its local circumstances.” (Fowler & Highsmith,

2001, p. 33)
Full APA
formatted
citation.

Fowler, M., & Highsmith, J. (2001). The agile manifesto. Software Development, 9, 28–35.

doi:10.1177/004057368303900411

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Keith, M., Demirkan, H., & Goul, M.
Title Service-Oriented Methodology for Systems Development
Year 2013
Journal Journal of Management Information Systems, Volume 30, 227-260.
Summary In summary, the authors of this paper argued that, the sub methodology decision for each service (agile versus

plan driven) should be made based on the type of interdependency that dominates each service.
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

Keith, Demirkan, and Goul (2013, p. 227) argue that “Despite advances in software development practices,

organizations struggle to implement methodologies that match the risk in a project environment with needed

coordination capabilities”

How did they
address the
problem?

In this paper the authors address the problem in a unique way; they leverage a design science approach to

implement a novel hybrid methodology based on concepts from the service-oriented paradigm. The key to a

successful hybrid approach is that it must be able to accurately modularize the IT project process along natural

breakpoints between high- and low-risk activities. (Keith et al., 2013)
What theories, if
any were used?

Keith et al. (2013, p. 228) contend that “the results imply that service-oriented theory should be applied to the

human processes involved in systems development in order to achieve better fit between project risk,

interdependencies and the selected methodology (ies) in order to improve overall project performance” this

research also draws from the principles of design science and relevant theory. (“Method of Communication”).
What were their
findings?

The conclusion drawn from these failures is that the project managers (PMs) failed to manage project risks

effectively, and to match the most appropriate methodology to the task. This supports the notion that increased

formal coordination in the pre-design stage can decrease the need for informal coordination in the post-design

stage. (Keith et al., 2013).
What future
research was
discussed?

Keith et al. (2013, p. 256) suggest that “Future research should examine SoMSD adoption considerations and

further develop the principles for implementation “

Full APA
formatted
citation.

Keith, M., Demirkan, H., & Goul, M. (2013). Service-Oriented Methodology for Systems Development. Journal

of Management Information Systems, 30, 227–260. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222300107

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Elbanna, A., & Newman, M.
Title The rise and decline of the ETHICS methodology of systems implementation: lessons for IS research
Year 2013
Journal Journal of Information Technology, 28(2), 124-136.
Summary In this paper, the authors examine the rise and decline of “ETHICS” and provides a brief interpretation of the

history of this method of system implementation, also the authors adapt an analytical perspective from science

and technology study. (Elbanna and Newman, 2013)
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

The main problem that the authors were addressing was: why a method will survive or not. Elbanna and Newman

(2013. P. 124) contend that “This study questions why ETHICS initially rose in popularit y and then

declined over the years.”

How did they
address the
problem?

Elbanna and Newman (2013. P. 124) explain that “To examine further wh y a method may survive or not,

we w i l l a l s o b r i e f l y r e v i e w t h e S o c i a l P r o c e s s M o d e l ( S P M ) using the same anal ytical

perspective that was applied to examine ETHICS “Also, Elbanna and Newman (2013. P. 127) contend

that “the five-loop framework was chosen as an analytical lens as it could explain both the construction and

change of science and hence could provide an answer to the research question regarding both the

rise and fall of ETHICS.”
What theories, if
any were used?

The theory that was used in this paper is: Actor Network Theor y. Elbanna and Newman (2013. P. 127)

indicate that “earl y versions of Actor Network Theor y is well known and applied in the ISs field.”

What were their
findings?

The author’s findings reveal that Mumford held and aligned many heterogeneous actors and

resources that together contributed to the shaping of ETHICS. As the content of ETHICS was shaped by the

intertwining of man y elements, when some of these elements later c hanged and undermined their

previous alignment, the content of ETHICS was not reshaped, and hence it lost its status and declined.

(Elbanna and Newman, 2013).
What future
research was
discussed?

No further research was suggested. Elbanna and Newman (2013) explain that, no ne w e x p e r i m e n t s o r

r e v i s i o n a n d u p d a t e o f t h e m e t h o d were conducted, and hence the development of the contents to

s u i t t h e c h a n g i n g t e c h n o l o g y , s o c i a l , b u s i n e s s , a n d research environment ceased.
Full APA
formatted
citation.

Elbanna, A., & Newman, M. (2013). The rise and decline of the ETHICS methodology of systems

Implementation: lessons for IS research. Journal of Information Technology, 28(2), 124-136.

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s) Alavi, M.

Title An assessment of the prototyping approach to information systems development

Year 1984

Journal Communications of the ACM, 27(6), 556-563.

Summary This paper is based on a two-phased research project comparing the prototyping approach with the more

traditional life cycle approach, finds that prototyping facilitates communication between users and designers

during the design process. However, the findings also indicate that designers who used prototyping experienced

difficulties in managing and controlling the design process.(Alavi, 1984)
What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

The main problem that the author is dealing with, is that: prototyping for information systems development is

relatively new, and practical experience and published empirical studies in this area are limited and, Alavi (1984,

p. 556) argue that “the effectiveness of the prototyping approach in organizational settings has not been studied”

How did they
address the
problem?

In this paper, Alavi (1984, p. 556) contends that “In this investigation of the effectiveness of the prototyping

approach, user and designer attitudes are explored through field interviews and a laboratory experiment.”

What theories, if
any were used?

In this paper, Alavi (1984) did not mention any theory in particular, but from the information presented, and

process that were perfomed through field interviews and a laboratory experiment, it is clear that the author used

the principal of “Concise Description Theory”, which says, that “system in which human participants and/or

machine perform work using information to produce products or services.”
What were their
findings?

Alavi (1984, p. 561) argue that ,”the statistically significant results indicate that, in general, user groups who used

the prototyping approach had a more favorable evaluation of the information system and were more satisfied with

it, and in comparison to other user groups, they rated the system output higher in terms of accuracy and

helpfulness to their analysis and decision making.”

What future
research was
discussed?

Alavi (1984, p. 562) stated that “more empirical research on the impact of prototyping on systems designers
is clearly needed.”

Full APA
formatted
citation.

Alavi, M. (1984). An Assessment of the Prototyping Approach To Information Systems Development.

Communications of the ACM, 27, 556–563.

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Dr. Zadok Hakim, PhD; MBA; EE. School of CIS University of the Cumberlands Summer 2019

Author(s)

Title

Year

Journal

Summary

What was the
problem that
they were trying
to address?

How did they
address the
problem?

What theories, if
any were used?

What were their
findings?

What future
research was
discussed?

Full APA
formatted
citation.