Systems Theory:
System: A set of related elements that are orderly, interrelated, and a functional whole.
Boundaries: Repeated patterns characterizing a group system.
Subsystem: Subordinate or secondary systems within the group system.
Homeostasis: The tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable, constant state of balance.
Role: A culturally expected behavior pattern for a person having a specific status or being involved in a designated social
relationship.
Relationship: The dynamic interpersonal connection between group members.
Integration: The means whereby group members fit and work together.
Pattern Maintenance: The means by which the group adheres to the basic processes and procedures.
Goal Attainment: Achievement of a group’s ultimate tasks and goals.
Adaptation: The group’s capacity to adjust to surrounding environmental conditions through an ongoing process of
change.
Group Activities: The happenings and actions conducted in a group.
Interactions: The reciprocal behaviors and communications engaged in by group members.
Sentiments: The emotional feelings and reactions manifested by group members.
Norms: the expectations held by group members regarding how they should behave in a group.
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Field Theory:
Valences: Forces that push one toward or pull one away from involvement and participation.
Cohesion: The collective sum of forces affecting individuals that encourages them to remain group members.
Authoritarian leadership: Taking control of group functioning and making decisions with little or o input from other
group members.
Democratic leadership: Maximizing member input and participation.
Laissez-faire leadership: Assuming a laid back, nondirectional approach where the group is left to function or struggle on
its own.
Role: Expected behavior patterns based on individuals’ status or position within the group.
Norms: Collective rules and expectations held by group members concerning what is appropriate behavior within the
group.
Power: The ability to move people on a chosen course to produce an effect or achieve some goal.
Consensus: the extent to which group members concur about group goals and other aspects of group interaction.
Social Exchange Theory:
Rewards: The pleasures, fulfillment, enjoyment, and other positive emotions a person experiences when involved in a
relationship.
Costs: Negative experiences the expenditure of time and energy required to maintain a relationship, or the loss of
rewards because of making ineffective choices.
Social Exchange: Interpersonal interaction, which involves both rewards and costs.
Learning Theory:
Respondent Conditioning: The elicitation of behavior in response to a specific stimulus.
Modeling: The learning of behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior.
Operant Conditioning: A type of learning in which behaviors are altered primarily by regulating the consequences which
follow them.
Reinforcement: A procedure or consequence that increases the frequency of the behavior immediately preceding it.
Positive Reinforcement: The positive event or consequences that follow a behavior and act to strengthen or increase
the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Negative reinforcement: The removal of a negative event or consequence that swerves to increase the frequency of a
particular behavior.
Punishment: The presentation of an aversive event or the removal of a positive reinforcer that results in the decrease in
frequency or elimination of a particular behavior.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory:
Cognition: The act of thinking.
Modeling: The learning of behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior
Behavioral Rehearsal: The act of practicing a new behavior, interaction, or manner of communication in a group setting
to prepare for subsequent real-life situations.
Social (positive) reinforcement: Praise, approval, support, and attention.
Cognitive restructuring: The process of identifying and evaluating one’s cognitions, understanding the negative
behavioral impact of certain thoughts, ad learning to replace these cognitions with more realistic and adaptive thoughts.
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Id: The primitive force hidden in the unconscious arena of the brain that represents basic primitive drives such as
hunger, sex, and self preservation.
Ego: The rational component of the mind that evaluates consequences and determines courses of action in a logical
manner.
Superego: The conscience which decides what actions and behaviors are right and wrong.
Defense Mechanism: Any unconscious attempt to adjust to conditions such as anxiety, frustration, or guilt that are
painful to experience.
Insight: An understanding of one’s motivation, emotions, behaviors, and issues, a primary goal of the group process.

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