APA 7TH ED.
GUIDELINES
New Seventh Edition
2019
Provided by Dr. Jill Fuson & Dr. Doris Blanton, American Public University System (April, 2020). Information
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 7th ed., S.L., American Psychological Assoc,
2019 ***In-text citation: (Publication Manual Of The American Psychological Association.)
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association has recently
updated the widely referenced Manual to a
Seventh Edition. Updated for simplified,
condensed material while retaining and
strengthening the basic rules of APA.
American Public University
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
NEW GUIDELINES SEVENTH EDITION 2019
In today’s fast growing technological world, new inventions have altered the manner in which we gather
report and perform scientific research. Thus, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association updated the widely referenced Manual to a Seventh Edition, which simplifies, condenses,
and meets the needs of users in mind. This edition promotes accessibility for everyone, including Web
Content Accessibility Guidelines while also concentrating on the Basic Elements of APA writing.
October 2019, the American Psychological Association released its seventh edition of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, with modifications to APA Style writing, sources, &
structure.
As you continue your higher education, you are faced with different writing styles. This reference guide
will concentrate on the basic principles of APA style as it applies to writing term (research) papers and
essays. This reference guide will provide helpful tips and suggestions to assist in producing a scholarly
term paper or essay using APA formatting and style guidelines.
CHANGES TO THE NEW APA EDITION

Citing online material

Use of inclusive & bias-free language

References & in-text citations are easier and clearer

APA diversity for paper guidelines professionally or academically created

Better explained guidelines for mechanics
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
APA MANUAL 7TH EDITION: THE MOST NOTABLE CHANGES
Date published October 11, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk. Date updated: November 5, 2019
In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA
Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.
In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material has become more common
• the use of inclusive
• bias-free language is increasingly important
• technology used by researchers and students has changed
The 7th edition addresses these changes by providing better and more extensive guidelines. This
article outlines the biggest changes that you should know about.
REFERENCES AND IN-TEXT CITATIONS IN APA STYLE
•
•
When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been added that make citing online
sources easier and clearer.
In total, 114 examples are provided, ranging from books and periodicals to audiovisuals and
social media. For each reference category an easy template is provided that helps you to
understand and apply the citation guidelines. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:
1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference. Instead of “New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill” it’s just “McGraw-Hill.” (9.29)
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first
citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”. (8.17)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.
(9.8)
4. DOIs are formatted as urls (https://doi.org/xxx). The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary. (DOI)
5. URLs are embedded directly in the reference, without being preceded by “Retrieved from,”
unless a retrieval date is needed.
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference.
(10.2)
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors that are not an author or editor. For
example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV
series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited. (Table 10.15)
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast episodes, social
media posts, and YouTube videos. Also, the use of emojis and hashtags is explained. (Table
10.15)
INCLUSIVE AND BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE (5.1-5.10)
Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual contains a
separate chapter on this topic.
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
The guidelines provided by APA help authors to reduce bias around topics such as gender, age,
disability, racial and ethnic identity, and sexual orientation, as well as being sensitive to labels. Some
examples are:
9. The singular “they” or “their” is endorsed as a gender-neutral pronoun.
10. Descriptive phrases such as “people living in poverty” are preferred over adjectives as nouns to
label people (e.g., “the poor”).
11. Instead of broad categories (e.g., over 65 years old), you should use exact age ranges (e.g., 6575) that are more relevant and specific.
APA PAPER FORMAT
In the 7th edition, APA decided to provide different paper format guidelines for professional and student
papers. For both types a sample paper is included. Some notable changes include:
12. Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode
10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11. (2.19)
13. The running head on the title page no longer includes the words “Running head:”. It now
contains only a page number and the (shortened) paper title. (2.2-Sample)
14. The running head is omitted in student papers (unless your instructor tells you otherwise).
15. Heading levels 3-5 are updated to improve readability. (Table 2.3)
MECHANICS OF STYLE
In terms of style, not much has changed in the 7th edition. In addition to some updated and better
explained guidelines, there are two notable changes:
16. Use only one space after a period at the end of a sentence. (6.1)
17. Use double quotation marks to refer to linguistic examples (e.g. APA endorses the use of the
singular pronoun “they”) instead of italics. (6.22-6.23)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
WHY APA?
APA (Seventh Edition) provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication, helping authors
present ideas clearly, concisely, and in an organization manner. Uniformity and consistency enable
writers and readers to:
a) Focus on ideas being presented vs. formatting
b) Scan works quickly for key points, findings, sources
APA style guidelines encourage writers to disclose essential information allowing readers to dispense
with minor distractions i.e.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Inconsistencies or omissions in punctuation
Capitalization
Reference citations
Presentation of statistics (p. xvii)
APA 7th ed. broadened its audience of consultants of not only by psychologists but also students and
researchers in many fields such as business, education, social work, nursing and many other
behavioral and social sciences. The scope and length of the APA manual has grown in the response to
the needs of researchers, students, and educators across disciplines.
(2.2) APA BASIC/MINIMUM STUDENT PAPER ELEMENTS:
Student papers, narrative essays, literature review, usually include:

The cover page or title page (Sections 2.3-2.6)

Text of the paper (Section 2.11)

Reference page (Section 2.12)

Page numbers (Section 2.18)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
(2.3) COVER PAGE/TITLE PAGE
APA Manuscript elements of the title page:
***For Student Papers there is no
requirement for a Running head in the
header.
Page number in the header flush right
Title of the paper in bold
Added space
Student/Author name
Course #
Affiliation
Instructor
Due date
The Seventh Edition has revised the Title Page to consist of seven elements: page number, paper title,
author, affiliation, Course, Instructor, Due date (2.2 – Sample Student Title Page).
1. Title (in title case 6.17) bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title page, 3-4
lines down from top margin (2.4) added space for the next element is not required
2. Author name first name, middle initial, last name. No titles or degrees are used (Dr. or Ph.D.)
(1.22)
3. Under the author’s name is the institutional affiliation – American Public University (2.6)
4. Next is the Course number – Course name
5. Instructor name
6. Due date (month date year)
7. Page numbers (2.18)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
(2.11) TEXT OF THE PAPER
•
•
•
1” margins all the way around
All text double-spaced
Every new sentence 1 tab indent
(0.5 inches)
Format, the text should start on a new page after the title page and after the title of the paper in title
case, bold, and centered.
The text left-aligned, double-spaced paragraphs, the first line of each paragraph indented by one tab
key (0.5 in.; Section 2.23-2.24). Use headings as needed to separate sections and reflect the
organizational structure of content (Section 2.26-2.27). Do not start a new page or add extra line
breaks when a new heading occurs; each section of the text should follow the next without a break.
BASIC APA WRITING COMPONENTS
•
(2.3) Title page: Use APA format (see example above)
•
(2.4) Title: Name your paper. The title can “hook” your readers. The title should summarize the
main idea of the paper
•
(2.11) Introductory Paragraph: Should summarize the prose of the assignment, introducing
the topic. Pretend the reader has no idea of the topic the paper, concisely elaborate on the
topic. The thesis statement is often the last sentence of the first paragraph, generally a segue
sentence to the body/sub-header (if used) essay
•
(2.26) Principles of Organization: The key to writing sound, organized, scholarly structured is
to be clear, precise and logical. Headings in a paper identify the purpose
and aid the reader’s ability to become familiar with the essays content – allows for easier found
information sought.
•
(2.27) Heading Levels: The first paragraphs of the paper are understood to be introductory, the
heading “Introduction” is not needed. Do not begin a paper with an “Introduction” heading
•
(4.06) Sentence & Paragraph Length: Discuss topic. The number of paragraphs will depend
on the length and complexity of your paper. There is not minimum or maximum sentence length
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
in APA Style. Overuse of too short or too long sentences results in incomprehensible. Single
sentence paragraphs are abrupt and used infrequently. A new paragraph signals a shift to a
new idea.
WRITING THE PAPER
There are specific guidelines when writing an APA style paper.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Center the title at the top of page two. The title is written in title case (6.17)
Double space entire paper (2.21)
Use 1 inch margins (2.22)
Text is left aligned (2.23)
APA Style paper should be written in a font accessible to all users.
o Use the same font throughout the paper (2.19)
▪ Suggested options
• 11-point Calibri
• 11-point Arial
• 10-point Lucida
• 12-point Times New Roman
• 11-point Georgia
• Normal 10-point Computer Modern
First sentence of every paragraph must be indented (2.24)
Quotes 40 words or more must be in blocked quotation format with no quotation marks and
include the page number in parentheses after the last period (8.27)
(2.12) COMPONENTS OF A REFERENCE PAGE
`
Page number
Title of page, in bold (References)
Alphabetize
Double-spaced
Hanging Indent
The word ‘References’ (‘Reference if only one source) should appear at the top center of the page in
bold. Entries are double-spaced using a hanging indent.
**Do not list a reference not used in the body of the paper. Similarly, do not include an in-text citation
without a corresponding reference on the reference page.
(3) Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
Specialized guidelines developed by APA referred to as JARS outline for authors what information
should be included for journal articles. Primarily authors seeking publication or students conducting
advanced research projects.
Undergraduate or graduate students conducting advanced projects will use JARS. Common reporting
standards for journal articles include the abstract and the introduction.
Undergraduate and graduate students tend to write less complicated research papers; therefore an
abstract or introduction are not requirements (unless by programmatic design).
WRITING TIPS FOR STUDENTS
•
Acronyms: Identify acronyms on first use. Example: American Public University (APUS).
•
Allow Time Between Drafts: While a break of 24 hours or more is ideal, a thirty minute break
will yield positive results.
•
Ampersand: If the citation is in parentheses, use the ampersand (‘&’) instead of the word “and”
in text of paper. Always use ampersand (&) in tables, captions and on the reference page.
•
Awkward Phrasing: Use Standard English phrasing. For example, “try to do” rather than “try
and do,” “we went” rather than “us went.”
•
Brainstorming: Before beginning to write, take the time to put ideas down on paper. Mindmapping and list-making are two useful brainstorming techniques.
•
Commas and Introductory Phrases: Usually commas are placed between an introductory
phrase and the main sentence; however, commas are rarely used to separate a concluding
phrase.
•
Complete Sentences: Write in complete sentences and avoid slang. Complete sentences
contain both subjects and verbs. Avoid run on sentences.
•
etc.: Avoid using etc. at the end of a list unless it is part of a quotation.
•
Extra Time: Quality writing takes time – lots of time. Build in a cushion of extra time.
•
Help from Others: Being mindful of plagiarism and academic honesty, request proofreading
help.
•
Homonyms: Homonyms are words sounding similar but are spelled differently and have
different definitions. (Example, new and knew; your and you’re; know and no).
•
Multiple Drafts: Professional writers create multiple drafts of their writing. You should too.
•
Non-words: Ensure all words are Standard English words. (Example, “alot” is not a word).
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
•
Organizing: Plan paper or assignment. This may be as simple as a chronological list of points
or as elaborate as a formal outline.
•
Question Marks and Quotation Marks: Place question marks outside the quotation mark
unless the question mark is part of the quotation.
•
Titles of Books and Magazines: Italicize the title of books and magazines.
•
Titles of Articles and Chapters: Place the title of articles and chapters of books in quotation
marks to set off when mentioned in text.
•
Use Formal Voice: Academic writing is more formal than casual conversations, emails, and
instant messages.
•
Flow of Paper: Use transitional words helping maintain the flow of thought. Use a pronoun
referring to a noun in a preceding sentence allows a smooth transition and elevates repetition.
Other words assisting in transition are time links (after, next, since, then, while), cause-effect
links (as a result, consequently, as a result), addition links (furthermore, in addition, moreover,
similarly), and contrast links (although, but, conversely, however, nevertheless). (4.1 – 4.3)
•
Anthropomorphism: avoid attributing human characteristics to animals or inanimate sources.
(4.11)
•
Verb Tense and Active Voice: Limit shifts in verb tense, and use active voice rather than
passive voice. (4.12)
•
Subject-Verb Agreement: Be sure your subject and verb agree. For example, “we are” rather
than “we is,” “they did” rather than “they done.” (4.15)
•
Perspective: Use third person point of view when writing research papers (avoiding pronouns
such as I, we, my, our (first person) and you, yours, your, us, we (second person). You should
deal with facts and not opinions, thus providing citations within paper and on reference page.
Focus on the subject itself and not on your feelings about the subject. The use of third person
retains a formal tone in your writing. (4.16)
•
Wordiness and Redundancy: Eliminate wordy sentences; get your point across with as few
words as possible eliminating empty words such as “that”. (4.5)
•
Sentence and Paragraph Length: Be sure ideas are fully developed in each paragraph. This
usually results in paragraphs of three to five. (4.6)
•
Tone: An effective way to achieve the correct tone is write in a way to educate and persuade
the reader. (4.7)
•
Full Wording Rather Than Contractions: Convert contractions to their complete wordpartner. (Examples: it’s = it is; won’t = will not; haven’t = have not). (4.8)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
•
Bias-Free Language: Writing should maintain a stance of inclusivity and respect for all people,
regardless of age, disability, gender, participation in research, racial and ethnic identify, sexual
orientation, socioeconomic status, or intersectionality. Writers should strive to use language free
of bias. Writing should never promote prejudice or demeaning attitudes. (5.1 – 5.10)
•
Numbers: 0-9 are written out while 10 and above are written as numbers
(Exceptions: numbers expressing approximate lengths of time be written as words (Example: 1
hr 30 min; 12:30 a.m.; about 3 months ago). (6.32-6.34) Use words for numbers at the
beginning of any sentence. (6.33)
•
Semicolon: Semicolons are used to either connect two complete sentences, or to connect a list
with commas. (6.4)
•
Colon: Colons should only be used when the introductory phrase is a complete sentence. (6.5)
•
No Slash: Use dashes rather than slashes. (6.6)
•
Parenthesis: Parentheses are most often used in citations. Before using in other applications,
consult the APA handbook for guidance. (6.8)
•
Punctuation when ending a Quote: If quotation is at the end of a sentence, close quote with
quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses, and end with a period or other punctuation
outside the final parenthesis. (8.26)
•
Levels of Headings: (Table 2.3 Format for the Five Levels of APA Style)
Level
1
2
3
4
5
Format
Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading With a Period. Text begins on the same
line and continues as a regular paragraph.
Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading With a Period. Text begins on the
same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
PARAPHRASING VERSUS DIRECT QUOTES
Paraphrasing is your own rendition of someone else’s information or idea. (8.23)
Parenthetical Citation Example: Many people possess knowledge on a multitude of topics, but
infrequently have the chance to take advantage of such knowledge (Conner, 2004).
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
Narrative Citation Example: Conner suggested many people possess knowledge on a multitude
of topics, but infrequently have the chance to take advantage of such knowledge (2004).
Direct quote: reproduces words verbatim from an author or source. (8.25)
Parenthetical Citation Example: “Many of us understand all sorts of things but never have the
opportunity to take the time to try them out” (Conner, 2004, p. 161).
Narrative Citation Example: According to Conner (2004) “Many of us understand all sorts of
things but never have the opportunity or take the time to try them out” (p. 161).
Block quotations of 40 words or more. Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the
whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin. Double space entire quote. (8.27) Do NOT use
quotation marks unless there are quotations within the quotation then use normal quotation
marks not additional ones. You must still give credit for source.
Example (see page 272):
Note periods or commas are within quotation marks when they are part of the quoted material. At end
of quote, place period then page number.
Page number must be given for direct quotes. If no page number is available, cite the paragraph
number using the abbreviation para. (instead of the symbol ¶). If no page or paragraph numbers are
available, cite the heading and paragraph number in which the information is found. (8.28)
WHAT IS A CITATION?
A “citation” is the way you tell readers certain material came from another source. It also gives readers
the information necessary to find the source again, including (8.1 – 8.9):
•
•
•
•
•
information about the author
the title of the work
the name and location of the company publishing the source
the date copy was published
the page numbers of the material
Why should I site sources?
Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people’s work without
plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:
•
•
Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and
where they came from.
Not all sources are good or right – your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting
than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else’s
bad ideas.
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
•
•
Citing sources shows the amount of research you have done.
Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
Doesn’t citing sources make my work seem less original?
Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps the reader distinguish your ideas from those of
your sources. This will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.
When do I need to site?
Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations
almost always require citation:
•
•
•
•
•
Whenever you use quotes
Whenever you paraphrase
Whenever you use an idea someone else has already expressed
Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas.
Do I have to cite sources for every fact I use?
No. You do not have to cite sources for facts that are not the result of unique individual research. Facts
readily available from numerous sources and generally known to the public are considered “common
knowledge,” and are not protected by copyright laws. You can use these facts liberally in your paper
without citing authors. If you are unsure whether or not a fact is common knowledge, cite your source
just to be safe.
GUIDELINES FOR CITING REFERENCES
In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the author
name and publication date appear in parenthesis. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated
into the text as part of the sentence. (8.11)
Do not include the publisher location in the reference. (9.29)
References are in alphabetical order by author name. (9.44)
If no author, the title takes the place of the author and the reference is alphabetized by the first letter of
the first word of the title i.e., Study finds. (2005). In-text citation, use quotation marks (“Study Finds,”
2005). If work is designated as “Anonymous”, in-text cite and reference list as so. Do not list the author
as anonymous or unknown unless the work is signed “Anonymous” (9.49)
When citing two to 20 provide surnames and initials. For 21 or more authors, include the first 19
authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand) and then add the final author’s name. (9.8)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
In-text citation, for work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. For work
with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation. (8.17)
(Table 8.1 Basic In-Text Citation Styles)
Author type
Parenthetical citation
One author
(Luna, 2020)
Two Authors
(Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)
Three or more authors
(Martin et al., 2020)
Group author with abbreviation
First citation
(National Institute of Mental
Health [NIMH], 2020)
Subsequent citations
(NIMH, 2020)
Group author without
(Stanford University, 2020)
abbreviation
Narrative citation
Luna (2020)
Salas and D’Agostino (2020)
Martin et al. (2020)
National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH, 2020)
NIMH (2020)
Stanford University (2020
When citing periodicals, if the volume number is 22, the issue is 3, and the page range is 23 through
25. Write the information as follows: 22(3), 23-25. Do not use the words Volume or Vol., Issue or Iss.,or
Pages, p. or pp. (9.25)
Following the author’s name is the publication date. The date (in parentheses) is always the second
part of a reference. (9.4) List the date as follows:
• (year only). For example: (2009).
• (year, month). For example: (2007, January). Note: Do not use month abbreviations.
• (year, month, day). For example: (1998, June 16).
• (range of dates (e.g., range of years, range of exact dates) (9.13)
• (n.d.). Use n.d. for works without a publication date (9.17)
Capitalize only the first word of titles, proper nouns (such as names of people, places, studies, etc.),
and subtitles following a colon (:). (6.29)
Italicize the name of books, reports, webpages, and other stand-alone works (6.22) journals,
magazines, or newspapers (10.1 ex.3), but do not italicize the name of an article. (10.1 ex.5)
Book: Learn more now: 10 simple ways to learning better, smarter & faster. (10.2)
Journal: Journal of Social Psychology (10.1 ex.1)
Magazine: Newsweek (10.1 ex.15)
Newspapers: The New York Times (10.1 ex.16)
New Guidelines for Citing References: Keep the format as simple as possible.
 No retrieval dates needed unless the source material may change over time. (9.16)
 For electronic references, give the DOI, if no DOI is assigned provide the URL. (9.34)
 For works associated with specific location, include the location such as conference
presentations, include the location, (Example: New York, NY) (9.31)
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
The digital object identifier (DOI) is an alphanumeric string identifying content providing a link to
location on the Internet. Give DOI for journal articles, books, or book chapters accessed online. No
period at the end of the string. Do not use the phrase retrieved from. Do not give a retrieval date. The
DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice. (9.34)
For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned. DOI’s always begin with the number 10. Database
names are no longer needed. If no DOI assigned, provide the URL of the journal or book publisher.
For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned. DOI’s always begin with the number 10. Database
names are no longer needed. If no DOI assigned, provide the URL of the journal or book publisher.
Search for a DOI: Go to a free DOI lookup:
• http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/
or
• http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/
TEXTUAL WORKS
Table 10.1 Periodicals Template
Author
Author, A. A., &
Author, B. B.
Date
(2020).
(2020, January).
Name of Group.
Author, C. C.
[username].
(2020, February
16).
Title
Title of article
Source
Periodical
DOI or URL
information
Title of Periodical, https://doi.org/xxxx
34(2), 5-14
https://xxxxx
Title of Periodical,
2(1-2), Article 12.
Title of Periodical
Username.
(10.1 ex.1) Journal Article Reference with DOI Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy of journal volume). Article title. Journal, volume number, (issue
number), pages. doi: xx.xxxxx
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 96(1), 171177. doi: xx.xxxx
It should be noted using the words Volume or Vol., Issue or Iss., or Pages, p. or pp. are not acceptable
in the reference citation. Also, the journal title and volume number are italicized.
***Note: For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned, if not include the URL.
(10.1 ex.2) JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE WITHOUT DOI EXAMPLE
Last name, Initials. (yyyy of journal volume). Article title. Journal, volume number, (issue
number), pages.
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 96(1), 171-177.
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APA 7th ed. Guidelines
It should be noted using the words Volume or Vol., Issue or Iss., or Pages, p. or pp. are not acceptable
in the reference citation. Also, the journal title and volume number are italicized.
Note: Provide URL if DOI is not available. (9.35)
(10.1 ex. 3) Journal Article Example
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical vol(#), p#. Source location if avail.
Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership. 76(1), 26-33
(10.1 ex.17) Blog Post Example
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of article. Title of Blog. Source location
Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will? Sci-Ed.
https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-talk-scientifically-about-free-will/
Table 10.2 Books and Reference Works Template
Source
Author
Author, A. A., &
Author, B. B.
Date
(2020).
Title
Name of Group.
Title of book.
Title of book (2nd ed., Vol,
4).
Title of book [Audiobook].
Editor, E. E.
(Ed.).
Title of book (E. E. Editor,
Editor, Ed.).
Editor, E. E., &
Editor, F. F.
(Eds.).
Title of book (T. Translator,
Trans,; N. Narrator, Narr.).
Publisher
Information
Publisher Name.
First Publisher
Name; Second
Publisher Name
DOI or URL
https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxx
(10.2 ex.20) Book Reference Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy). Title of book. Publisher Name. DOI (or URL)
Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
(10.2 ex.22) Authored ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or audiobook without a DOI, with a nondatabase
URL
Last name, Initials (yyyy) Title of ebook (Last name narrator.) [Media]. Publisher name. DOI (or URL)
Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking (K. Mazur, Narr.)
[Audiobook]. Random House Audio. http://bit.ly/2G0Bpbl
Table 10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works Template
Source
Author
Date
Chapter title
Edited book Information
DOI or URL
Page 16
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
Author, A. A., &
Author, B. B.
(2020).
Title of chapter
In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of
book (pp.3-13). Publisher
Name.
https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxx
Name of Group.
In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (3rd ed.,
Vol. 2, pp. 212-255). Publisher
Name
(10.3 ex.39) Chapter in an edited book without a DOI Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (if 2nd+ ed., pp. #).
Publisher Name.
Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A., (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and
responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 713). CRC Press.
(10.3 ex.40) Chapter in an edited ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or audiobook without a DOI, with
nondatabase URL Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (if 2nd+ ed., pp. #).
Publisher Name. URL
Tafoya, N., & Del Vecchio, A. (2005). Back to the future: An examination of the Native American
Holocaust experience. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & N. Garcia-Preto (Eds.), Ethnicity and
family therapy (3rd ed., pp. 55-63). Guilford Press. http://a.co/36xRhBT
(10.4 ex.50-59)
Reports and Gray Literature; i.e., government agency or other organization
reports; grants; briefs; press releases.
(10.5 ex.60-63)
Conference Sessions and Presentations
(10.6 ex.64-66)
Dissertations and Theses
(10.7 ex.67-69)
Reviews; i.e., film, book, TV series episode
(10.8 ex.70-74)
Unpublished Works and Informally Published Works
(10.9 ex.75-76)
Data Sets
(10.10 ex.77-80)
Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment
(10.11 ex.80-83)
Tests, Scales, and Inventories
(10.12 ex.84-90)
Audiovisual Works
(10.13 ex.91-96)
Audio Works
(10.14 ex.97-102)
Visuals Works
Page 17
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
(10.15 ex.103-109)
Social Media
Table 10.15 Online Media Template
Source
Author
Twitter and
Instagram:
Author, A. A.
[@username].
Date
Title
(n.d.).
Content of the post up to the
first 20 words.
(2019,
August, 8).
Content of the post up to the
first 20 words [Description of
audiovisuals].
Name of Group
[@username].
Social
media site
name
Site Name.
URL
https://xxxxxxx
Retrieved
August 27, 2020,
from
https://xxxxx
[Description of audiovisuals].
Facebook and
others:
Author, A. A.
Name of Group.
Name of Group
[Username].
Username
(10.16 ex.110-114) Webpages and Websites
Table 10.16 Webpages or Websites Template
Author
Author, A. A. &
Author, B. B.
Date
(2020).
(2019, August).
Name of Group.
(2020, September 28).
Title
Title of work.
Source
Social
URL
media site
name
Site Name.
https://xxxxxxx
Retrieved
December 22,
2020, from
https://xxxxx
(n.d.).
PLAGIARISM
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another’s work, or borrowing someone else’s original ideas.
But terms like copying and borrowing can disguise the seriousness of the offense:
Page 18
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
According to the Merriam-Webster OnLine Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means
• to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
• to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
• to commit literary theft
• to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying
about it afterward.
Can words and ideas really be stolen?
According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. In the United States and many other countries, the expression
of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original
inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in
some media (such as a book or a computer file).
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
• turning in someone else’s work as your own
• copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
• copying so many words or ideas from a source making up the majority of your work, whether
you give credit or not (see our section on “fair use” rules)
Attention! Changing the words of an original source is not sufficient to prevent plagiarism. If you
have retained the essential idea of an original source, and have not cited it, then no matter how
drastically you may have altered its context or presentation, you have still plagiarized
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by citing sources. Simply acknowledging certain material has
been borrowed, and providing the audience with the information necessary to find the source, is usually
enough to prevent plagiarism.
Page 19
APA 7th ed. Guidelines

APA Checklist
Sections of an APA paper: title page, text of paper, and reference page.

Title Page: Title Format: Center the title on title page in title case, bold, centered, and
positioned in the upper half of the title page. Author, Affiliation, Course, Instructor, Due
Date, Page Number: one blank double-spaced line between the paper title and the author.
Center – First name, middle initial(s), and last name; Center – Affiliation; Center – Course;
Center – Instructor; Center – Due Date; Flush right header – Page-numbering for all pages.

Begin paper by centering title at the top of page two. The title is uppercase and lowercase
letters and located directly under the 1” margin.

Double space entire paper/Use 1-inch margin/Text is to be left aligned.

One space after punctuation at the end of a sentence, comma, colons, and semicolons.

Use the same font throughout the text of the paper. Options include
o 11-point Calibri
o 11-point Arial
o 10-point Lucinda
o 12-point Times New Roman
o 11-point Georgia

Same font throughout with the exception of italicizing: (1) key terms or phrases (2) titles of
books, reports, webpages, and other stand-alone work.

Numbers: zero through nine are expressed in words while numbers 10 and above are written as
numbers (Exceptions: numbers expressing approximate lengths of time written as words ex: 1
hr 30 min; 12:30 a.m.; about 3 months ago; at the beginning of sentences).

Punctuation when ending a Quote: If quotation is at the end of a sentence, close quote with
quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses, and end with a period or other punctuation
outside the final parenthesis.

Avoid using “etc.” at the end of a list or exclamation point unless it is part of the quotation.

Ampersand: If the citation is in parentheses, use the ampersand (‘&’) instead of the word “and”
in text of paper. Always use ampersand (&) in tables, captions and on reference page.

Capitalize first letter following a colon if clause is a complete sentence.

Use complete sentences and avoid slang. Use Spell Checker and proofread paper.

First sentence of every new paragraph must be indented.

Do not use contractions (it’s = it is; won’t = will not).
Page 20
APA 7th ed. Guidelines

Always spell out acronym on first use. Example: APU = American Public University.

Direct Quotes: must give page number. If no page numbers available, cite paragraph number
using abbreviation para. (para. 4). If no page or paragraph numbers, cite heading and
paragraph number where information found: (Discussion section, para. 2).

For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. For three or
more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.

Quotations of 40 words or more treat as block quotation. No quotation marks – indent the whole
block .5 in from left margin. Double-space entire block quotation; (a) cite the source in
parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative
before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses. Do not add a period after
the closing parenthesis in either case.

The reference page is the last page (unless appendix). Insert a page break at end of the final
paragraph to prevent distortion when edits are made.

Double-Space the entire paper.

Insert one space after periods or other punctuation marks at the end of a sentence, commas,
colons, semicolons, periods that separate parts of a reference list entry, periods following initials
in names. Do not insert a space after internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e., U.S.),
after periods in identity concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.), around colons in ratios
(1:4).

Title of Reference page: Centered – Reference(s) on page directly under the 1” margin. Do not
underling, italicize or make bold.

Cite references in text of paper and include sources on reference page. PLEASE NOTE: Wikis
(like Wikipedia) cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of entries, and therefore are not
considered scholarly sources. DO NOT USE WIKIS AS PRIMARY SOURCES. Always have
additional sources if using Wiki’s to reaffirm Wiki’s accuracy.

References are in alphabetical order by author(s) last name on the reference page; list last
name, then first and middle initials (if applicable) only. Author. Date. Title. Source. When author
is unknown or cannot reasonably be Determined, move the title of the work to the author
position followed by a period before the date of the publication, i.e., Anderson, M. (2018).
Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26-33. or Anonymous.
(2017). or Generalized anxiety disorder. (2019). respectively.

When citing a book on the reference page, capitalize the first word of the title only (with the
exception of proper names). Also, italicize the name of the book. i.e., Meadows, D. H. (2008).
Thinking in systems: A primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.

Capitalize the FIRST word of all proper names in the title of books and articles and after a colon.
Page 21
APA 7th ed. Guidelines

Italicize the name of books, journals, and magazines, but do NOT italicize the name of the
article.

Do not use the words Volume or Vol., Issue or Iss,. or Pages, p. or pp. on reference page.

The name of the journal and volume number are italicized. Pay attention to punctuation.

Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) example: In-text—Bennett (as cited in
Rudman, 1999) defined.

Reference list: Rudman, R. (1999). Human resources management in New Zealand. (3rd ed.).
Auckland, N.Z.: Addison Wesley Longman

Citing references on reference page: use the hanging indent. Highlight the citations and press
Ctrl T automatically formats.

For electronic references, give the DOI or digital object identifier, if assigned. DOI’s always
begin with the number 10. Database names are no longer needed. If no DOI assigned, provide
the URL or uniform resource locator of the journal, book, source referenced.

Use 3rd person point of view (unless opinion paper) avoiding pronouns such as I, we, my, our
(1st person) and you, yours, your, us, we (2ndperson). Deal with facts, thus, providing citations
within paper and reference page. Focus on subject; not feelings about the subject. The use of
3rd person retains a formal tone: Academic writing is more formal than casual conversation.
Please be familiar with the exceptions to this rule in Chapter 4. (4.16)

Cite all references in paper AND on reference page. If listed on reference page MUST have
cited within paper.

No retrieval dates, retrieved from, or database name needed on reference page.

Examples: (Not to format scale)
References
Assembly of the minds. (2008, April 28). Mind and Body, 77(2), 526-528. doi:
10.1057/1024- 1027.29.4.123
Fenchel, J. (2009, October). Diving into the 21st century technology. School Talk, 15(1), 3-5.
Gelb, M. (2003). Discover your genius: How to think like history’s ten most revolutionary
minds. doi: 10.1045/2457-8953-85.2.452.
McKee, A., & Krueger, B. (2004). Learning multimedia principles. Journal of Multimedia
Technology, 21(4), 223-333. doi: 10.1234/5432-8989-34.8.456.
Rasmusen, A. J. (2008). Technology today . British Journal of Multimedia, 96(1), 171-177.
Stielow, F. J. (2003). Building digital archives. New York, NY: Neal-Shuman.
What’s your learning style. (2009). Retrieved from http://people.usd.edu/~bwjames/tut/learningstyle/
Page 22
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
SEVENTH EDITION
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
Scholarly Writing and Publishing Principles
1.1 – 1.10
Types of Articles and Papers
1.11-1.17
Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Findings
1.18-1.20
Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants & Subjects
1.21-1.25
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
Required Elements
2.1
Student Paper Required Elements
Paper Elements
2.3
Title Page
2.4
Title
2.5
Author
2.6
Author Affiliation
2.11
Text (Body)
2.12
Reference List
Format
2.16
Importance of Format
2.17
Order of Pages
2.18
Page Header
2.19
Font
2.20
Special Characters
2.21
Line Spacing
2.22
Margins
2.23
Paragraph Alignment
2.24
Paragraph Indentation
Organization
2.26
Principles of Organization
2.27
Heading Levels
Journal Article Reporting Standards
3.1 – 3.18
Reporting Standards (JARS)
EFFECTIVE SCHOLARLY WRITING
Continuity and Flow
4.1
Importance of Continuity and Flow
4.2
Transitions
4.3
Noun Strings
Conciseness and Clarity
4.4
Importance of Conciseness and Clarity
4.5
Wordiness and Redundancy
4.6
Sentence and Paragraph Length
4.7
Tone
4.8
Contractions and Colloquialisms
4.9
Jargon
Page 23
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
4.10
Logical Comparisons
4.11
Anthropomorphism
GRAMMAR AND USAGE
Verbs
4.12
Verb Tense
4.13
Active and Passive Voice
4.14
Mood
4.15
Subject and Verb Agreement
Pronouns
4.16
First-Versus Third-Person Pronouns
4.17
Editorial “We”
4.18
Singular “They”
4.19
Pronouns for People and Animals (“Who” vs. “That”)
4.20
Pronouns as Subjects and Objects (“Who” vs. “Whom”)
4.21
Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses (“That” vs. “Which”)
Sentence Construction
4.22
Subordinate Conjunctions
4.23
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
4.24
Parallel Construction
Strategies to Improve Your Writing
4.25
Reading to Learn Through Example
4.26
Writing From an Outline
4.27
Rereading the Draft
4.28
Seeking Help From Colleagues
4.29
Working with Copyeditors and Writing Centers
4.30
Revising a Paper
Bias-Free Language
5.1 – 5.10
Bias-Free Language Guidelines for Reducing Bias
Punctuation
6.1
Spacing After Punctuation Marks
6.2
Period
6.3
Comma
6.4
Semicolon
6.5
Colon
6.6
Dash
6.7
Quotation Marks
6.8
Parentheses
6.9
Square Brackets
6.10
Slash
Spelling
6.11
Preferred Spelling
6.12
Hyphenation
Capitalization
6.13
Words Beginning a Sentence
Page 24
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
6.14
Proper Nouns and Trade Names
6.15
Job Titles and Positions
6.17
Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
6.19
Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters
Italics
6.22
Use of Italics
6.23
Reverse Italics
Abbreviations
6.24
Use of Abbreviations
6.25
Definition of Abbreviations
6.26
Format of Abbreviations
6.27
Unit of Measurement Abbreviations
6.28
Time Abbreviations
Tables and Figures
7.1 – 7.36
Guidelines for Tables and Figures
When to Cite
8.1
Appropriate Level of Citation
8.2
Plagiarism
8.3
Self-Plagiarism
8.4
Correspondence Between Reference List and Text
8.5
Use of the Published Version or Archival Version
Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation
8.7
Interviews
8.8
Classroom or Intranet Sources
8.9
Personal Communications
In-Text Citations
8.10
Author-Date Citation System
8.11
Parenthetical and Narrative Citations
8.12
Citing Multiple Works
8.13
Citing Specific Parts of a Source
8.14
Unknown or Anonymous Author
8.15
Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates
8.16
Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations
8.17
Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
8.18
Avoid Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
8.19
Works with the Same Author and Same Date
8.20
Authors With the Same Surname
8.21
Abbreviating Group Authors
8.22
General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps
Paraphrases and Quotations
8.23
Principles of Paraphrasing
8.24
Long Paraphrases
8.25
Principles of Direct Quotation
8.26
Short Quotations (Few Than 40 Words)
8.27
Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
Page 25
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
8.28
Direct Quotations of Material Without Page Numbers
8.29
Accuracy of Quotations
8.30
Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation
8.31
Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation
8.32
Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works
8.33
Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks
8.34
Permission to Reprint or Adapt Lengthy Quotations
Reference Categories
9.1
Determining the Reference Category
9.2
Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category
9.3
Online and Print References
Principles of Reference List Entries
9.4
Four Elements of a Reference
9.5
Punctuation Within Reference List Entries
9.6
Accuracy and Consistency in References
REFERENCE ELEMENTS
Author
9.7
Definition of Author
9.8
Format of the Author Element
9.9
Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names
9.10
Identification of Specialized Roles
9.11
Group Authors
9.12
No Author
Date
9.13
Definition of Date
9.14
Format of the Date Element
9.15
Updated or Reviewed Online Works
9.16
Retrieval Dates
9.17
No Date
Title
9.18
Definition of Title
9.19
Format of the Title Element
9.20
Series and Multivolume Works
9.21
Bracketed Descriptions
9.22
No Title
Source
9.23
Definition of Source
9.24
Format of the Source Element
9.25
Periodical Sources
9.26
Online Periodicals With Missing Information
9.27
Article Numbers
9.28
Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources
9.29
Publisher Sources
9.30
Database and Archive Sources
9.31
Works With Specific Locations
9.32
Social Media Sources
9.33
Website Sources
Page 26
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
9.34
When to Include DOIs and URLs
9.35
Format of DOIs and URLs
9.36
DOI and URL Shorteners
9.37
No Source
Reference Variations
9.38
Works in Another Language
9.39
Translated Works
9.40
Reprinted Works
9.41
Republished or Reissued Works
9.42
Religious and Classical Works
Reference List Format and Order
9.43
Format of the Reference List
9.44
Order of Works in the Reference List
9.45
Order of Surname and Given Name
9.46
Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author
9.47
Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date
9.48
Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname
9.49
Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author
9.50
Abbreviations in References
9.51
Annotated Bibliographies
9.52
References Included in a Meta-Analysis
REFERENCE EXAMPLES
Textual Works
10.1
Periodicals
10.2
Books and Reference Works
10.3
Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works
10.4
Reports and Gray Literature
10.5
Conference Sessions and Presentations
10.6
Dissertations and Theses
10.7
Reviews
10.8
Unpublished Works and Informally Published Works
Data Sets, Software, and Tests
10.9
Data Sets
10.10
Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment
10.11
Tests, Scales, and Inventories
Audio Visual Media
10.12
Audiovisual Works
10.13
Audio Works
10.14
Visual Works
Online Media
10.15
Social Media
10.16
Webpages and Websites
Legal References
11.1-11.10
Guidelines for Legal References
Page 27
APA 7th ed. Guidelines
Publication Process
12.1-12.24
Publication Process
Page 28
Running head: Project 2 (Weeks 3 & 4) Essay Questions
Weeks 3 & 4 Essay Questions
SCMG 201 – Principles of Supply Chain Management
Student Name
2
Chapter 3: Network and Systems Design (Questions 1 through 5)
Question 1: There are two views for how to manage processes across a supply chain.
Research these two views both in your textbook and on the internet and then describe each
view, the primary focus, the advantages and disadvantages of both, and find an example of
each on the internet. DO NOT copy or paraphrase your textbook, use your own words in
defining these two views.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 2: Assume a retail harbor can process 28,000 containers from cargo freight ships
per day, under maximum conditions, using overtime hours. The harbor offloading facility
was designed to process 22,000 containers per day under normal conditions. During the
month of July, the harbor facility processed 19,000 containers per day. Calculate the
harbor’s ability to offload containers for both design and effective capacity. Show the
formulas and the steps using Microsoft Office’s “Insert → Equation” function.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 3: Using the Word “Smart Art Function” create three separate illustrations for
the evolution of supply chain integration for Material Flow where organizational functions
are (a) independent, (b) integrated within the organization, and (c) integrated across the
supply chain.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 4: Explain the “Modular Method” for Enterprise Resource Planning. Pay close
attention to the advantages and disadvantages. Research online and find two expert
resource for the modular method, summarize them and provide a hyperlink to the resource
on modular enterprise research planning. Do not use a software company or any other
“Ad” for a product. A good place to start is in Google using key words found in this
question.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 5: Papi Toys can produce 500 toys in a single day under maximum conditions.
However, it is designed to produce 400 units per day under normal conditions. In
February, it produced 480 units per day. What was Papi Toys’ capacity utilization for both
design and effective capacity? What do these numbers tell you? (Sanders, Nada R. Supply
Chain Management, 2nd Edition. Wiley, 2017-09-18. VitalBook file)
Enter narrative here. . .
3
Chapter 5: Operations Management (Questions 6 through 10)
Question 6: Explain the unique challenges to operations that manufacturing and service
organizations each face. When explaining these challenges use a company of your choice
for each (service and manufacturing) to explain these differences and how, if managed
poorly, the impact could destroy the company.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 7: In your own words, explain the Product Design Process. Use an example of
your choosing to illustrate the process of product design.
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 8: Music Inc. has been selling music DVDs for 10 years and now wants to enter
the Movie DVD business. They have entered a deal with paramount pictures to sell on
DVD all of their future and past movies. The accounting department has estimated the cost
of the DVD, Packaging, and Copyright fees for each DVD to be $5.00. The fixed cost for
machinery, buildings & grounds, and overhead to be $30,000 per year. If Music Inc. sells
each DVD for $20.00, how many DVDs must they sell to break even? Next, if Music Inc.
sells 18,000 DVDs per year at a price of $20.00 what is their profit? Finally, if Music Inc.
instead decides to lower the selling price per DVD by 10% ($18.00) and projects they will
sells 10% more in that year (19,800), what is their profit? What conclusion can you draw
about lowering prices in the market by 10% (hint – how many more units must be sold to
recover the profit lost from selling at a 10% lower price)?
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 9: Pizza Field Trip Exercise: Observe and then define in detail the process design
for creating a Pizza in a “make to order” pizza house of your choice. Allow for different
sizes and toppings. (Note: Feel free to pose this to your family as a mandatory fieldtrip
Enter narrative here. . .
Question 10: Discuss in detail the four types of Facility layouts. Explain the differences,
applications, and advantages and disadvantages.
Enter narrative here. . .
)

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