Controversial Research
The use of animals in research is controversial. Investigate this controversy using at least five resources from the South University Online Library. Do you think it is ethical to use animals in research? Explain your reasoning and support your answer with at least three sources from the Online Library (these sources must be different from the ones you already used in this assignment).
- Please provide your answers in a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document.
- Support your responses with examples.
- Cite any sources in APA format.
- no plagerism
Selection and Assignment Methods.html
Sampling Techniques.html
Sampling Techniques
Let’s compare different sampling techniques. The table shown below provides examples of three types of samples.
| Type of Sample | Population Information | Selection Criteria | Sample Result | Sample Proportions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Random | Washington, D.C. 573,000 people Men = 47.09 percent and Women = 52.71 percent | Select 100 people | A sample with 68 men and 32 women | The proportions are not similar to the overall population. However, a larger sample would be closer to population. |
| Stratified | Washington, D.C. 573,000 people Men = 47.09 percent and Women = 52.71 percent | Sample size must be 149 people. Select 70 men and 79 women randomly. | A sample that has 47 percent men and 53 percent women. | The proportions are the same as the population. |
| Quota | Washington, D.C. 573,000 people Men = 47.09 percent and Women = 52.71 percent | Sample size must be 150 people. Quota = 50/50 | A sample that has 75 men and 75 women | The proportions do not match the population but match the set criteria for sample selection. |
Observe that the simple random sample of 100 people is not large enough for the population size of 573,000 people in Washington. Increasing the sample size will bring the proportions closer together. Look at the stratified sample; because the proportions of men and women in the population are close, you end up with sample numbers that are somewhat equivalent. Now focus on the quota sample and note that the population has far fewer men and yet the sample contains 75 people of each gender because of the sampling criteria.
Ensuring Representation in Research.html
Ensuring Representation in Research
Most studies do not rely on random sampling but use some type of convenience sample. In this type of a sample, participants are selected, in part or in whole, at the convenience of the researcher. The researcher makes no attempt or only a limited attempt to ensure that the sample is an accurate representation of some larger group or population. The classic example of a convenience sample is standing at a shopping mall and selecting shoppers as they walk by to fill out a survey.
Remember that the failure to include certain participants may change the results or alter the applicability of studies. As in medicine, psychological studies have ignored certain groups of people; yet these studies have often been used to answer questions about the larger and more diverse population. The fact that women and ethnic minorities were not included in many initial research studies led the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to issue guidelines for including women and minorities in medical and behavioral studies funded by the government. These guidelines can be found in the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993.
There are times when it is important to ensure that your sample includes certain demographic groups. In such situations, leaving the possibility of securing a representative sample through random sampling or convenience sampling is not acceptable. Researchers try to use narrowly defined samples from specific demographic groups to conduct such studies. It is justifiable to use a narrowly defined group, such as one that only includes women, when there is a special need or the research topic demands it. However, the meaning and applicability of a study with a narrowly defined demographic group should be questioned if the results are used to answer questions about a larger population that is comprised of different demographic groups.
