Peer responses:

* You need to respond to at least 3 classmates’ posts.

* Responses need to be substantive; responses under 2 sentences will not be considered substantive. Responses should be thorough, explanatory, offer some sort of new insight or reasoning, or offer critical or analytical thought and should be in full sentences.

Additional notes:

* You can use pictures, graphs, pie charts, etc. in your answers, but not for your answers.

* Always support your opinions with scholastic sources.

* When you use outside material, please use in-text citations and give references at the end of your post in APA format. Otherwise, it is termed as Plagiarism.

* Plagiarism is a critical offense according to Galen policies. Your answers should not be simple 'copy and paste' from an outside source. In such instances, even though you give references, they will not be considered your answers. The first time I spot plagiarism, you will be given a zero with a warning. The 2nd time will be a write-up. Please be careful about plagiarism.

First peer post

Kerrie Miller

Chapter 11 Question 1: How has racism evolved? How does racism now contrast to the 1950s and earlier? Explain your stance with examples. Next, explain the difference between individual-level racism and institutional racism and provide examples for both types. Lastly, what are some ways you would minimize both types of racism?

Racism has evolved for the Native Americans through many changes throughout the United States government through acts. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act instituted a forced relocation for the Native Americans. This was then followed with the Indian Appropaitate Acts, where the U.S. government continued to remove land for the Native Americans. Then in 1887, the Dawes Act changed some policies that allowed Native Americans to stay on reservations and instead intermixed the natives with white settlers. This was done to take away power from the Native Americans. To remove any power or self-identity that the Native Americans had, boarding schools for Native American children were enforced. They would take the children of the Native Americans and force them to conform to the beliefs and lifestyles of the white settlers. Things changed for the better in 1968 with the passing of the Indians Civil Right Act. This was followed in 1975 with the Indian Self-Determinat Act and the Education Assistance Act giving the Native Americans back many of the rights that they had been stripped of for so long. However, the damage was done, and many Native Americans still hold low economic status and lower life expectancy. The boarding schools, reservations, and acts passed to enforce racism against the Native Americans are examples of institutional racism. In comparison, individual-level racism examples would be mocking Native Americans' dances or rituals. Ways that individual-level racism and institutional racism can be minimized by actively educating people on recognizing their new stereotypes and racist ideals toward Native Americans. 

Second peer post

Renee Chapman

1. How has racism evolved? How does racism now contrast to the 1950s and earlier? Explain your stance with examples. Next, explain the difference between individual-level racism and institutional racism and provide examples for both types. Lastly, what are some ways you would minimize both types of racism? (CSLO 5, USLO 5.1)

Since the early 1950s and prior, racism was prevalent in all areas of the North and the South. With multiple reforms, marches, and people speaking out about the inequalities, it has opened the doors for many people that were otherwise treated poorly based on the color of their skin. Just because the North won the war did not mean that people “all of a sudden” forgot about racism. While racism has decreased due to laws and desegregation, there are still groups out there that believe their race is superior.

Considering that racism has existed for hundreds of years, it may be impossible to become obsolete any time soon. However, I believe that within any culture, there is stereotyping. Stereotyping opens everyone’s eyes to that race’s way of life. One can choose to learn from their culture, accept that person or group as an equal, or, one can object to gain knowledge from that group and form an innate hatred. This would be considered institutional racism and racism on an individual level.

Individual racism is a type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others (Openstax, 2015). For example, someone in the UK may believe that they are superior to their neighbors in Scotland based on racism and a long-standing disagreement between the two countries.

Institutional racism refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society (Openstax, 2015). For example, all Asians are great at math, and all Hungarians are pessimistic and like to eat. Another good example is “Driving While Black”, most black men are targeted for driving on the roads. “DWB” seems to be a newer type of racism that I was not familiar with.

 

Third peer post

Madison Penick

Prompt 2

Racial integration is still a major issue in the United States. Which government policies sustain structural racism, xenophobia, stereotypes, and underrepresentation of the minorities? How should these policies be amended to alleviate racial tensions and promote social justice?

As discussed in the other response, racism and discrimination are a continuing battle in the United States. These policies are best addressed by the white house and executive orders put in place to extinguish the fire of racism.  President Biden issued a Memorandum condeming and combating racism, xenophobia, and intolerance against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States. This menmorandum orders executive departments and agencies to take all appropriate steps to ensure that official acrtions, documents and statements including those that pertain to the COVID-19 pandemic, do not exhibit or contribute to racism, xenophobia, and intolerance against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (The U.S. Government, 2021). These mall victories will lead us to a more united, United States of America. 

References 

OpenStax. (2015). Introduction to Sociology 2e. Houston, TX: OpenStax.

Retrieved from https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-

sociology-2e?Book%20details

Anjana Malhotra, Ian M. Kysel, G. Alex Sinha, jasmine Sankofa, and Allison Frankel. (n.d.). Racial Discrimination in the United States. https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=163&q=citation%2Bmachine&cvid=fbb09a12b56a47bda644c6610224f0f8&aqs=edge.1.69i57j0l2j46j0l5.3527j0j1&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531