Science and Society – Climate Change Vulnerability
Animportantlearninggoalforourcourseistothinkcriticallyandethicallyabouthowandbywhomscienceisconducted,andtothinkaboutthesocietalimpactsofbiologicalresearch.Tothatend,pleasereadthefollowingexcerptsandre<lectonthepiecesbyansweringquestionsprovided.
Thereadingswillcoversensitivesubjectsandthequestionsmaypushyououtsideyourcomfortzone.Thatisok.Researchshowsthatwithalittlediscomfortcomesthegreatestgains.
Feelfreetopostaboutthisassignment(asanyother)onPiazza,keepinginmindthatforeveryonetoexpresstheiropinionsandparticipateindiscussionsaboutsensitivesubjects,theyneedtofeelsafe,theirexperiencesneedtofeelhonored,andtheyneednotfearretaliation.Thus,itisbesttoestablishgroundrulesfordiscussions.TheUniversityofMichiganCenterforResearchonLearningandTeachingofferstheserulestoestablishtofosteramoreproductivediscussion:
• Respectoneanother’sviews.
• Criticizeideas,notindividuals.
• Committolearning,notdebating.
• Avoidblameandspeculation.
• Avoidin<lammatorylanguage.
• Acknowledgethatone’sopinionsareformedbytheiruniqueexperiences.
• Nohatespeechorbullying.
(Weaddedthelasttwo.)
Assigment 3
Inthelastweeksofthequarter,wewilldivedeeplyintoclimatechange.InLecture26wewillexploremanyexamplesofthebiologicalimpactsofclimatechange.Asasupplementtothoseactivities,wewouldlikeyoutothinkaboutclimatechangeandtheimpactitishavingonhumans,andspeci<icallytheunevenimpactsofclimatechangeonhumanpopulations.Mostofthedatayouwillunpackcomefromthispaper:https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20281.
Pleasereadtheabstractofthepaperandthe<irstcoupleofparagraphsoftheintroduction(ormoreifyoulike–itisagreatpaper!).
Usethe<iguresprovidedinthisassignmenttoanswerthefollowingquestions.Youranswersshouldbeclearandconcise.Weexpectyoutoanswereachin2-3sentences.Youwillbegradedonyourhonestandrespectfulcontribution,notyouropinions.
Thismapshowseachcountry’scontributiontoclimatechange(carbondioxideemissions)andvulnerabilitytoclimatechange(severityofimpacts)in2010(top)andtheprojectedvaluesin2030(bottom).Countriesincyan(thecoloronthediagonal)achieve“equity”whereintheeconomicgaintheyachievefromemittingCO2isapproximatelythesamevalueasthecosttosocietyenduredbecauseofclimatechange.Economicgainsspeci<icallyincludethepro<itfromindustriesthatemitgreenhousegasses,thusthecountry’seconomicgrowthaswellastheimprovedhumanwell-beingasaresultofthateconomicgrowth.Economiccostsofclimatechangeincludethecostsfromthingslikeenvironmentaldisasters(e.g.,extremeweather),habitatchanges(e.g.,asaresultofincreasedheatorextremeevents),healthimpacts(e.g.,increaseddiseases),andindustrystressors(e.g.,lostjobs).
1. Considertherangeofcolorsamongthecountriesonthemap.
a. Whatdoesitmeanforacountrytobecoloredthedarkestblue(labeled“FreeRider”intheupperleftofthelegend)?
b. Whatdoesitmeanforacountrytobecoloredthedarkestgreen(labeled“ForcedRider”inthelowerrightofthelegend)?
2. Thetoptenemittingcountriesgenerate>60%oftotalemissions:China(21.1%),theUSA(14.1%),andIndia(5.2%)arethelargestemitters(%oftotalglobalemissionsshowninparentheses).Indiaisprojectedtoachieve“equity”by2030:movingfromfreeridingin2010(mediumblue)toequityin2030(cyan).Inprincipletherearetwowaysforacountrytomoveinthisway:reduceemissionsorendurelargercostsofclimatechange.TheprimaryreasonIndiaisgoingtochangeisbecausethecostsofclimatechangewill“catchup”tothegainsfromeconomicgrowthcontributingtoclimatechange.Inotherwords,Indiawillgetricherbutenvironmentaldisastersandhealtharelikelytogetworse.Commentontheethicsofachieving“equity”inthiswayasopposedtobeingachievedbyreducingemissions.
3. Countriesvaryinbothwealth—measuredinGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)—andvulnerabilitytoclimatechange:
Describethe“unevenimpactofclimatechange”showninthisgraph.
4. Convertingknowledgetoaction:EffortssuchastheParisClimateAgreementaimtomitigateclimatechangethroughcollectiveinternationalaction.Ifyouwerenegotiatinganagreementforcollectiveaction,howwouldyoudecidehowmuchandinwhatwayseachcountryshouldcontributeandwhy?
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