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Fundamentals of KinesiologyLecture 03 Professor Berthet

Apparel Technical Design

Anatomical and Physiological

Fundamentals of Human Motion

The Upper Extremity &

The Spinal Column and Thorax

(Ch. 5, 6, 9)

Movement of the Shoulder Girdle

Abduction (Protraction) Adduction (Retraction)

Elevation Depression

Movement of the Shoulder Girdle

Upward rotation Downward rotation Anterior tilt

Posterior tilt

Movement of the Shoulder Joint

! Flexion / Extension" Hyperextension

! Circumduction

Movement of the Shoulder Joint! Abduction / Adduction

" Horizontal" Diagonal

Movement of the Shoulder Joint! Internal / External

Rotation

Define the Motion

Define the Motion

Define the Motion

Define the Motion

Muscles Pectoralis Major

! Internal / External Rotation

Function: Clavicular portion –

flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of humerus.

Sternal portion – downward & forward movements of arm, & internal rotation with adduction.

Fig 5.11

Muscles Deltoid

Function: ! Anterior – all forward

movements & internal rotation of humerus.

! Middle – abduction" Powerful abductor of

humerus.

! Posterior – extension, hyperextension, horizontal extension, adduction.

Fig 5.14

Muscles Biceps

Function: ! Flexion at the elbow &

supination of forearm.

! Horizontal adduction at shoulder.

! Short head sometimes active in adduction & internal rotation.th adduction.

Fig 5.12

Muscles Triceps

Function: ! Long head assists in

adduction, extension, and hyperextension of the humerus.

Biceps & Triceps

What muscle is this?

What muscle is this?

What muscles are these?

A B

Planes of Movement

Horizontal

Jumping JacksForwards and

Backward

Movement in the Frontal Plane !Shoulder Joint: Abduction

"Deltoid & supraspinaus

! Shoulder Joint: Adduction"Latissimus dorsi, teres

major, pectoralis major (sternal), & post. deltoid.

Movement in Sagittal Plane

Movement in the Sagittal Plane

! Shoulder Joint: Flexion" Anterior deltoid &

pectoralis major (clavicular).

Movement in the Sagittal Plane

!Shoulder Joint: Extension"Pectoralis major

(sternal), teres major, latissimus dorsi, post. deltoid.

Movement in the Sagittal Plane

!Shoulder Joint: Hyperextension"Teres major, latissimus dorsi, post. Deltoid.

Fig 5.20

Movement in Horizontal Plane

Movement in the Horizontal Plane

! Shoulder Joint: Internal Rotation " Subscapularis, teres major,

latissimus dorsi, ant. deltoid, pectoralis major.

! Shoulder Joint: Horizontal Adduction " Pectoralis major, ant. deltoid, &

coracobrachialis

! Shoulder Joint: Horizontal Abduction " Post. deltoid, post middle

deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, long head of biceps.

  (Chapters 16, 17)

The Elbow Joint

! Composed of 3 joints:

! Humeroulnar" Hinge joint

! Humeroradial" Gliding joint

! Proximal Radioulnar " Pivot joint

Muscles of the Forearm

! Biceps Brachii

! Flexes and supinates (turns out) the forearm

Muscles of the Forearm

Triceps Brachii

Function: ! Powerful extensor of

elbow.

Dorsal view

Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental Moments of the Forearm

Flexion

! Biceps brachii, brachioradialis, brachialis

Extension

! Triceps & anconeus, against gravity.

Extensors vs. Flexors

Flexor Carpi radialis ! Flexes wrist

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris ! Flexes wrist

Flexor digitorum superficialis

! Flexes fingers & wrist.

Flexor digitorum profundus

! Flexes fingers & wrist.

Flexor pollicis longus

! Flexes thumb.

Muscles of the Wrist and Hand Flexor

Extensor carpi radialis (longus)

(brevis)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Fig 6.23a

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Fig 6.23b

Fig 6.25

Muscles of the Wrist and HandExtensor carpi radialis ! Extends wrist Extensor carpi ulnaris ! Extends wrist

Extensor digitorum ! Extends fingers &

wrist. Extensor digiti

minimi ! Extends little finger

& wrist.

Extensor pollicis longus

! Extends thumb Extensor indicis ! Extends index finger Abductor pollicis

longus

Extensor

Name the Muscles

A

B

C

DE

Name the Muscles

The Wrist and Hand

Great mobility due to generous supply of joints:

! Radiocarpal (wrist) joint.

! Articulation between two rows of carpal bones.

! Carpometacarpal joints.

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Hamate

Capitate

Lunate

Triquetral

Scaphoid

Movement of the Hand at the Wrist

Fig 6.16

Wrist !Flexion !Extension !Hyperextension !Radial deviation

! (Abduction) !Ulnar Deviation

! (adduction)

Movement at the Thumb

Abduction

Hyperadduction

Extension

Flexion Hyperflexion Opposition

The Carpometacarpal Joint

Movement at the Joint of the FingersJ

Grip

!Power grip involves flexion of all fingers

! Precision involves thumb & two fingers, depending on shape & size of object

Common Injuries! Landing on outstretched hand with elbow extended or

hyperextended.

! Dislocation is frequently accompanied by fracture.

! Very serious – likely to involve blood vessels & nerves.

Common Injuries

! Landing on palm of hand with wrist hyperextended.

! Usually a sprain of ligaments.

! May be a strain to tendons.

! May be pain, weakness, limited ROM.

Common InjuriesCarpal Tunnel Syndrome

! This is an overuse, repetitive stress injury. " Long hours working with small

hand tools and keyboards. ! Nerve & blood vessel

compression as they pass through carpal arch & transverse carpal ligament.

! Indicators are pain, numbing of fingers.

Spinal Column: Structure

! 7 Cervical Vertebrae

! 12 Thoracic Vertebrae

! 5 Lumbar Vertebrae

! Sarcrum

! Coccyx

(7)

(12)

(5)

(5)

Spinal Chord: Structure

! Cartilaginous joint.

! Intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage.

! Permits compression in any direction & some torsion.

! Shock absorbers.

Spinal Joints

! The two joints act like a hinge joint.! Permit flexion & extension

Spinal Joints! Perfect example of a pivot joint.! Sole function is rotation.! Odontoid process projects upward from axis, held in place by

transverse ligament.

Stability and Mobility of the Spine

! Pressure & Tension Stresses:Discs push vertebrae apart &

ligaments pullthem together.

! Relative Thickness & Shape of Discs: Greater freedom of motion where

discs are thick.

! Thickness & Strength of Ligaments: Regional differences influence

motions permitted.

Spinal Joints

Flexion Hyperextension

Spinal Joints

Lateral flexion Rotation

Muscles of the Spinal Chord

Obliquus Externus Abdominis

Function: ! Singly: laterally flex &

rotate spine to opposite side.

! Together: flex thoracic & lumbar spine.

Muscles of the Spinal Chord

Obliquus Internus Abdominis

Function:! Singly: laterally flex &

rotate spine to the same side.

! Together: flex thoracic & lumbar spine.

Thoraco-lumbarfascia

ObliquusInternusabdominis

Rectus sheath(anterior leaf)

Inguinalligament

Muscles of the Spinal Chord

Rectus AbdominisFunction:! Singly: laterally flex

spine. ! Together: flex thoracic &

lumbar spine.

Muscles of the Spinal Chord

Transversus Abdominis

Function: ! Stabilize trunk.

The Thorax Structure! Bony-cartilaginous

cage! Formed by ribs &

cartilages! Sternum! Thoracic vertebrae! 7 true ribs! 5 false ribs! 2 floating ribs

Respiration ! Pre-inspiration: brief static phase that precedes the intake of air.! Inspiration (inhalation): expansion of thorax & taking in of air.

! Pre-expiration: brief static phase following inspiration.! Expiration (exhalation): outflow of air & decrease in thoracic

volume

Muscles Involved in Respiration Inspiration:! Diaphragm, scalenes,

intercostals.! Sternocleidomastoid, serratus

posterior superior, levatores costarum, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, pectoralis major & minor.

Expiration: Quiet is passive.! Abdominals, erectors spinae,

transverse thoracic, intercostals.

Respiration

AbdominalsFunction: ! Passive in quiet

breathing.! Active on forced

expiration.

Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and Thorax

Neck Injuries! Not common except in falls, blows, or accidents.! May be life threatening.

Whiplash! Cervical sprain resulting from violent motion.! Results in pain, stiffness.

Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and

Thorax

Vertebral Fracture! Often the result of a

severe blow.! Risk increases with age.! High impact sports carry

risk of damage to spinal column.

Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and Thorax

Disc Problems! Two most common are

disc degeneration and disc herniation.

! Disc herniation:" Repeated heavy lifting

with poor biomechanics." Annulus fibrosus is

ruptured." Nucleus pulposus may

protrude through.

Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and Thorax

Rib Fractures! Direct blows or forceful

compressions." Fairly common in contact

sports.! Sudden, violent, muscular

contraction may also be a cause.

! Two or more ribs are likely to be involved.

! Complication if rib damages soft tissue.

! May cause pain on breathing

Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and Thorax

Low Back Pain! From poor posture, inefficient

lifting, repetitive stress or other factors.

! Activities requiring high impact, heavy resistance or endurance may increase risk.

! Osteoporosis & osteoarthritis may be involved.

! May be a symptom of other problems.

! Often treated with rehabilitative exercises.