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Chapter盤豊熟饗

organぱation DeVe1opment

and Sehse-Makm9

Approaches

Learning objectives

Bytheendofthischapteryoushou-dbeab-eto:

圃翻圏欄間

 

Appreciatemoreclearlytheorganizati。naIChangeaPproachesunderpinning

      

thecoachandinterpreterimagesofmana9ingchange.

耀霞覇灘藁露顕園

 

Understandtheorganization Development(OD)approachtochange.

璽璽璽圃

 

Beawareofextensionsofthe OD approachsuchasAppreciativelnquiry,

      

Positive organizati。naIScholarship,and Dialogic OD.

E圏圏圏麗

 

Understandthesense‐makingapproachtochange.

       

“凶hen『he wor/dchonges

    

oroundyouo打dwhen/rchonges

 

ogo′“sryou--w力orusedrobeoそo′/w′nd

 

′snowoheodw′nd-youhovero/eon′“『o

  

rhofond方gu「eourwhottodobecouse

     

Comp/O′“′“9′snTostrotegyぞ

282

 

CI1aPter9

 

0′耳の7′zα”○〃上)g1’eわ野′77gmの7dSe′7se‐み名α膚′7g4口Proqc力郎

鰹霊園璽LA-ternative APProachesto Managin9 Change

         

ofthes広imagesofmanagingchange,the mrezq比grand′mm/だrimageshavetheir云oun-

        

dationsinthe負eldoforganizationtheory;theother危urimages一αかぎαの;のαcた,′?”1ノZgdrの;

         

and!′?彫塑だす好一havestrongerあundationsintheorganizationalchangefield.Thischapter

         

andchapter

 

lodelvefurtherintothe あundationsofthe危urimagesthatarerootedin

        

theorganizationalchange五eldandexploretheirimplicationsあrhowto manageorganl-

        

zationalchange,Theyare

 

alsotheFourimagesthat,in various ways,assumethatthe

         

change managerhasanimportantinfluenceonthe waychangeoccursinorganizations.

        

lncontrast,thefirsttwoimages,mだ如たerand′7zザ粥だ′;haveincommonanassumption

        

thatchange managersre解かe〆口的er豹α〃方窺わzechange.Thereあre,thischapterandchap-

        

terloexplorethe危urimagesthatassumethatchange managershaveanactiverolein

        

theinitiation,support,andoutcomesoforganizationalchange,Thischapterconsidersthe

           

化)undationalapproachesassociatedwiththemαc方andZ′”e′Prezerimages;chapterlocon‐

           

sidersthe化)undationalapproachesassociatedwiththeαZreczorand′7α覇gα『orlmages,

         

Underpinnedbythe のqc力image,the organization Development(OD)approachis

           

one whereitsadherentspresenttheirdevelopmentalprescriptions貴)rachievingchange

             

asbeingbased,atleasttraditionally,uponacoresetofvalues,onesthatemphasizethat

        

changeshouldbene賃tnotjustorganizationsbutthepeople whostaぜthem.

           

oD hasP1ayedacentralroleintheorgallizationalchange賃eld食)roverhalfacentury.IQ

       

the立2012reviewofoD,BurnesandCooke(p,1396)arguethatit”hasbeen,andarguably,

        

st皿is,the majorapproachtoorgamZationalchangeacrossthe Western world,andincrea浄

            

mglyglobally.”H[owever,asthischapterandchapterlo追ustrate,dif発rentilnagesofchange

       

managementareassociated withd獅erentideasaboutwhatsortofapproaches(andtech-

       

         

iques)shouldbeusedtotrytobringaboutchangewithinorganizations,ltisnotsurprlsmg,

         

there]主)re,thatoD’slonghistoryhasbeenaccompa1died,丘omt=ヒnetot立ne,byexpressions

            

ofconcern astoitscontinu血grelevance,leadingsome writerstoraisethe questionof

       

whetherODis“incrisis boththeゐ”mα/〆‐4pp/!edB豹αv卿口/Sc′e′lce[40(4),2004]and

         

oの 銃口のめ〃er{46(4),2014]hiwehadspecialissues危cusedonthequestionofoD’songo‐

         

          

ngrelevance.A1ong‐standmgcriticism ofoDhasbeenthecla無ithatithasbeensidelined

         

丘omtheconcernsofthebus血esscommunitybecauseofitspreoccupation withhumanistic

         

valuesratherthanwithotherissuessuchasbus血essstrate勘′(Hornstei誼,2001;Beer,2014),

           

Approachestomanagゴロdgchangeotherthan OD haveemerged,Forexample,underp=hじned

         

bythe粥彫塑形Zerimage,thesense-makjbogapproach maintaiロsthatchangeemergesovert節le

         

andconsistsofaseriesofinterpretiveactivitiesthathelptocreateinpeoplenew meahdbogs

         

abouttheirorganizationsandaboutthewaysinw超chtheycanoperatedif発rentlyinthe範mre.

          

頓/e

 

commencethis

 

chapterconsideringthe

 

approaches underpinnedbythe

 

coαcA

         

imageandthen moveontotheZ′#e′prezgrimage.Furtherapproachesto managingchange

         

areaddressedinchapterlo,

霊園 organization Deve-opment《OD}

          

lnthissection,weconsidertheunderlyingtenetsoftheoDapproachto managingchange

           

alongwiththeroleoftheoD practitioner,vvethenreview anumberofchallengesthat

          

havebeendirectedatoDincludingthecontinuingrelevanceofthevaluesunderlyingthe

ChaPter9

 

0′耳qmzα“の7上杉veわP“7emの7dSe“s抄膚毎左方7g月βProdcたes

 

283

OD

 

approach,theuniversalapplicabilityofthesevalues,andtherelevance

 

ofOD to

large‐scalechange.

TraditionaーOD Approach:FundamentaIValues

ODasachangeinterventionapproachhasdevelopedovertinleandincorporatedanunl‐

berofdi爺erentperspectives(seetable9.1),eachofwhichisdiscussedinthischaPter,

 

ln drawingtogetherthecommonthreadsoftraditionalOD,Becな山ard(1969)dePictstheclassic OD apProachasonethathasthe貨)1lowingcharacteristics:

〃お〃/”““edandinvo1vesasystemーaticdiagnosisofthewho1eorganiZationa1system,a

plan長)ritsimprovement,andprovisionofadequateresources.

刀解『op げ功eo増加Zzα”o〃iscommittedtothechangeprocess.

万 の〃?s餌 勿のroy/〃g的e功徒”nだ肥ssoftheorganizationtohelpitachieveits mission.

互声/o刀gzerm,tyPicallyta]bLngtWoorthreeyearstoachievee節ectivechange.

 

 

  

 

      

 

       

C汚α“gZ“gq助力‘d例 の?〆ゎg角αvZorisa化)cusofthechangee爺ort.

五ゆけ彰〃如“αsd/e″刀殻gisimportantasithelpstoidenti~currentbehaViorsand

modificationsthatareneeded.

Gro雌雄 α“〆 だの刀s食)rmthekey化)cus短rchange.

  

Though

 

it

 

is

 

commonly presented

 

as

 

being

 

aimed

 

at

 

incremental, developmental,first‐orderchange,otherwritersclaimthatwhatunifiestheODfield,atleasttraditionally,isanemphasison acoresetofvalues.Thesevaluesbuildupon humanisticpsychologyandemphasizetheimportanceofdevelopingpeoplein work organizationsandhelpingthemtoachievesatis態ction(Nicholl,1998a).Threevaluesetsareinvolved:

れ〃“α“Zsrzcydz‘esre1atetoopenness,honesty,andintegrity.

DemocrqzZcl概ね鑑srelatetosocialjustice,fteedom ofchoice,andinvolvement.

Deve/opme“ね却〆z‘esrelatetoauthenticity,gro~砿h,andselfrea員zation(Nicholl,1998c),

  

         

 

    

        

 

   

             

 

  

 

    

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

    

1940s十

199os/2000s

2000s/2010S十 Positiv

TABLE91TheEvolutionofOrganizationDeveloPment

       

Approach

         

Perspective

      

TraditionalOD

      

1mProveorganizationaーPe汗or『nancethr

                         

andgrouPbehaVioちandaPPiyhumanis

/2000s十

 

Large-scaーechange

   

Enablewholeorganizationengageme

                         

individualandgrouplevel.

/2010s十

 

Appreciativeinquiry

   

Beginbyfocusingonthebestofthec

                          

thanonitsproblems,

/2010S十

 

PositiveorganizationaI

 

Emphasizeinterventionsthatimprove

     

scholarship

      

DialogicOD

       

1dentifyandacknowledgedifferentor

                           

viewsastotheeXistingreality,anden

                        

onthechangeissues,

Large-

rentorganIZ

unlanCO n.

’’

284

 

ChaPter9

 

0′耳ロ′?!zm′o′7Del’e/oの′??g′7rα′7dSe′7se…△”化′′7g自愛Proqc方es

             

H[unlan develoP窟lent, 態irness,OPenness,choice,andthebalancebetween autonomy

       

andconstraintare粒ndamentaltothesevalues(Burke,1997),ltissaidthatthesevalues

           

Wereradica1and”agutsysetofbe=e]Grinre1ationtothetimeinwhichthey weredeVe1‐

            

oped;thatis,inthel940sandl950swhenorganizationalhierarchywasdominant,elnpha‐

       

slzmgauthority,rationality,andeぜiciencyratherthanhumanismandindividuality(Burke,

       

1997).lnthissense,thetraditionalpracticeofOD hasasits あcuspeople andisnot

            

necessarily meanttosolely化)cusontheinterestsofmanagementortheprofitabilityof

       

thef立m(Nicholl,1998a).

The OD Practitioller

CentraltothetraditionalOD approachistheroleofthe“OD practitioner”who maybe

eitherinternalorexternaltotheorganization.AtypicalOD practitionerhelpsto“struc‐

tureactivitiestohelptheorganization memberssolvetheirown problemsandlearnto

dothatbette (FrenchandBell,1995,p,4), Wherethisisbaseduponactionresearch,itinvolvesavarietyofstepssuchas(Cummingsand Worley,2019):

1.Pro鋭釧7Zde′?『於c研か7,Someoneintheorganizationbecomesawareofwhatheorshe

  

thinksisaproblem thatneedstobeaddressed,

2. Co′?sz!/rの!0′7w”ゑα′7Qの〃〆”αm○′?e′:TheclientandthepractitionercometogetherWith

  

thelatterendeavoringtocreateacollaborativedialogue,

3. 辱Zqgの力er粥gα′〆Prリメe′??〆超g打os〆s.1nterviews,observations,surveys,andanalysisof

  

perおormance data occurto assistinproblem diagnosis,Each ofthesetechniquesis

  

recognizedasaninterventioninitselfinthesensethatitinvolvesaninteraction with

 

people,

4,ReedらQc左.Theconsultantprovidestheclientwithrelevantdata,atthesametimepro-

 

tectingtheidentityofpeople丘om whominFormation wasobtained.

5.ノoZ′7ZDrob/e“?〆ねg′?o瀞浅 Aspartoftheactionresearchprocess,peopleareinvolvedin

  

considerationofin食)rmationanddiscuss whatitmeansintermsofrequiredchanges.

6.t

 

ZOZ′?rqczZの7p/mmZ′?g.Thespecificactionsthatneedtobetakenareidentified.7. C力”′?geqαZo′7s.Theintroduction ofandtransitionto neW techniquesand behaviors

  

occur,

8. Rz″豹er

 

αα畝

 

g‐q抜e“′?g. outcomes

 

of

 

change

 

are

 

determined

 

and

 

further

 

actions

 

identified.

lncoachingpeoplethroughsuchchangeprocesses,Cull・mingsand Worley(2019)argue

thatOD practitionersneedavarietyofskills,including:

1.方7rrαPの筈o〃”/s顔偽.Havingawell‐developedsetofvaluesandpersonalintegrityinclud-

  

ingtheabilitytoretaintheirownhealthinhigh-stressorganizationalsituations,

2.方7Ze′Peiwo′?α/sた”お.Skillsthatareneededto work withgroups,gaintheirtrust,and

  

”providethem withcounselingandcoaching,

3,Ge刀em/m′7s”/如”o′7s毅〃.lncludingknrowledgeaboutinterventiontechniquestoassist

  

themindiagnosingproblemsanddesign立1gchangeinterventions,

4, 〇rgq′7ZzのZo′? )eve/qP′7?e″ 物eo′γ.Ensuringthatthey haveacurrentunderstandingof

  

thespecialistfieldofwhichtheyareapart.

                                            

ChaPter9

 

0増の?!zq“○“ )eve加野me摺餌7dSの?se-A‘”膚′7g月″野川qc乃郎

 

285

               

Akeyideaunderpinning manyODinterventionsispsychologist KurtLe「win’sthree-

               

stepmodelofchange;zメリリだe““ghowtheorganizationoperates,叱 伽g勿gtheorganization

                   

inspecificWays,andthen〆三歩だezZ′?gthechangesintotheoperationsoftheorganization.

                 

【whilesomecritics,inparticularCummingsetal.(2016),havearguedthatthethree-step

                

modelismoreacreationofLewin’s貸)1lowersthanofLewinhimself,morerecentresearch

               

byBurnes(2020)hasshownthethree-stepconcepttobewell-embeddedinLewin’swork.]

              

Howthethree‐step modelofchangerelatestotheactionsoftheOD practitionerisset

                 

outintable9.2.

  

      

Ln

         

hM

嘘謡

 

  TABLE9.2C1assicODChangelnterventionProcesses

Sources:AdaPtedftomFrenchandBell(1995)andCummingsandWorley(2019).

CriticismsofODAstheapplicationofOD asanapproachto managingchangebecamemorewidespread,sodidattentiontoitslimitations.EvenadvocatesoftheOD approachbegantoac超lowl-edgethatthereareproblemsinthefield.Forexample,FrenchandBell(1995)identified

s旗ofthese:

1.ODd所川筋〃sα〃α の〃cepzs. OD mayconsistofsingleor multipleinterventionsover

 

di版erentperiodsoftime,soestablishingtherelationshipbetween“OD”anditsability

 

to enhance“organizationale掻ectiveness”is

 

di菖icult,especially giventhatthelatter

 

termitselfalsolacksprecisedefinitions.2.Z〃ZemdvαZ霞かPro鋭ems.Thisrelatesto whetherthechangethatoccurred Wascaused

 

bythec加〃geZ川erye〃ZZo〃orqm〃ge げo功erおαoな.3.Exze摺餌y〆!〆!かproゎをms.Thisisthegeneralizabilityquestion andrelatesto Whether

 

oD anditstechniquesareappropriatetoallorganizationalsettings.

4.乙αた げ 物eo観 Thereisno comprehensivetheory ofchangeto assistresearchersin

 

  

llowing whattolookfbrinWhattheystudy.

 

   

 

 

 

   

 

   

・m

 

    

  

 

   

 

 

ODpractition

andinitialdia

286

 

ChaPter9

 

0増q′7Zz傭わ′7上加増わ野/77g′7rq′7dSe′7sg粥函葱′7g月Pz7rodc方es

5,Froわた′77s・′vなあ′?7eα栂′“′壇 鰭rmdec角の?ges,UsingPre‐changeandthen Post‐changesur-

 

Veysto measureattitudinalchangesareProblematicaspeople mayVieWthescaledif

 

角rently whentheyansweritasecondtime,

6,Fro劫の77s・“的′mm7αsαの7ceqIPProqc力esro だseqr所.Theabnitytousethesetechniques

 

(hypothesistesting,assessingcause-eぼectrelationships,etc.)isquestionedinrelation

 

to ODbeingaprocessbasedonactionresearch.

 

French andBell(1995,P,334)adoptedanoptimisticviewofthissituation,argulng

that“thesedo notaPpeartobeinsurmountable problems

 

atthistime,althoughthey

continuetoP1agueresearche]離orts.“However,otherWriterswerecriticalofsuchoptimism,

pointing

 

outthatthe

 

approachislargelydescriPtive

 

and PrescriPtive,o賃en 魚ilingto

adequatelyconsidertheinherentlimitationsandunderlyingassumptionsofitsowntech-

niques(oswickandGrant,1996).ODhasbeenpresentedwitharangeofothercriticisms

relatingtotheextenttowhichitdealsadequatelywithissuessuchasleadership,strategic

change,power,andrewardsystems(Cummingsand Worley,2019),Three 鏡rthercriti-

cislnsrelatetothecurrentrelevanceofOD’straditionalvalues,theuniversalityofthose

values,andthe

 

abilityofOD to

 

eng・ageinlarge‐scale

 

change, Each oftheseissuesis

addressednext.

CurrentRe-evance of OD’s TraditionaIVa1ues

Despiteitslongevity,orPerhaPsbecauseofit,theissueoftheongomgreleVanceoftheValues

underly血gODcontinuestobeamatterofdebate(see,e,g.,JatロlesonandMarshak,2018),Gojmgback20十years,prom血entODthoughtleaderwarnerBurke(1997,p.7)ar罫ledthat,貴)rmanyexperienced OD practitioners,

‘‘theProコ産)ssionhaslostitsway-thatitsvaluesare

nolongersu伍cientlyhonored, muchlessPracticed,andthattheul=relentingemphasison

Bob

 

Marshak

 

is

 

 

very

 

experienced

 

and

 

highly

 

re‐

gardedODconsu-tant,ForMarshak,oneofthegreat

ODcha=engesisdealing withwhathedescribesas”coveltProcesses,

”those”powelfulprocessesthatim-

pactorganizationsbutremain

 

unseen,unspoken,or

unacknowledgedlandwhichiinc1udehiddenagendas,b-indspots,organizationalpolitics,theelephantinthe

room,secrethopesandWishes,tacitassumptions,and

unconsciousdynamics“(Marshak,2006,p.xi.).

  

下o

 

reducethe

 

likelihoodthatcoVertprocesses

thwart

 

an

 

attempt

 

to bring

 

about

 

or9anizational

change, Marshak(2006)identifiesfive”keys“to

dealing withcovertprocesses

 

inthecontextofan

oDintervention:

1. Creofeoのsycho/ogにo/勿 sofeenWron」men[DO

  

Whateveryoucantocreateaclimateoftrustand

respectwhere

 

people

 

feel

 

safeto

 

reveal

 

their

thoughtsandbeliefs.

5.Adcons′srent′y W′th

 

e叉Pecrof′ons,Stay Within

  

the

 

scopeofyour

 

briefas

 

explained

 

to

 

partici-

  

pantsattheoutsetunlessyouexplicitlyrenegoti-

  

ateexpectationswiththem.

3.Assumetho士peop/eorefrコメngrhe′rbestPutthe

 

focusoninquiryratherthanjudgment.

4.Look′“治em′rroにBeseーf‐awaresothatyourbe‐

  

haviorastheconsultantisdrivenbythesituation

  

ofthepeopleyouareworkingWithandnotyour

  

owncovertnormsandbe-iefs.

2.seekmoVeme“rnore叉posUre.Focusonmovlng

 

the

 

situation

 

forward, not being

 

judgmental

  

aboutthe

 

matterrevealed(i.e,,progress

 

not

 

Punishment).

ChaPter9

 

0′旨立川zq”○“ )g1’e/0脚??emq〃dSe′7sg山毎殻′7g月口Proロメ7es

 

287

thebottom 血]ehastakenover.”Thissent中lentwasareactiontothegrowingroleofsome

ODpractitionersasadvisersoncorporaterestructurings,mergersandtakeovers,andsoon,despitethelackofevidenceofthevaluescoretooDbeingcentraltosuchchanges.

 

As

 

aresult,aview あrmedthat“OD haslostsomeofitspower,itspresence,and

perhapsitsperspective“(Burke,1997,p,7).窺leditorofODルロ臨め肥ratthetime,Dave

Nichoil,agreedwithBurke’sgeneralassessment,pointingtohow manyofthevaluesof

ODareCon丘ontationalto manyofthevaluesheldinourorganizations,leadingto“stark

contrasts” between beingrelevantand value‐neutralorbeingvalue-laden and marginal

(Nicholl,1998c).NichollarguedthatODpractitionersneedtoremindthemselvesofthe

dilemmathey 魚ce,ofassistingbothindividualdevelopmentand organizationaIPer危r-

mance-whichhecharacterizesas“contradictoryelements.” Bydelvingbackinto OD’s

heritage,Nicholl(1999)suggestedthattheyregaintheirhumilityandpresenttoclientsnotcertaintybuteducatedco叩ecture.Finally,heproposedtheneed 危raparadigmshi代

inhowthecorporationisviewedandrebuilt,allowingspacetorecognizethatcorporations

arenotnecessarilyjustinstitutions あrprofitbutsocialinstitutions.

 

0therOD writershavechallengedmanagersto maketheirorganizationsmLore宣lclusive

(multiplelevelsofinvolvementindecision mak血g),tocreatemutualaccountab道ty(血麺Dgperlt)rmanceremunerationtoadherencetocorevalues,stakeholders,andcorporatesustai誼-

abiHty),toreinfbrceinterdependence(betweenindividuals,organizations,andthe wider

society),toe×pandnotionsoftinleandspace(suchasconsideringtheimpactofdecisions

fbr魚turegenerations),toensurethewiseuseofnaturalresources(suchasconsideration

ofrenewableandnonrenewableresources),andtorede賃nethePurposeoftheorganization

intermsofmultiplestakeholders(includingcustomers,stoc肋olders,community,planet,descendants,organizationalleaders,employees,anddirectors)(Gelinasandlames,1999).

Thevaluingofindusion,opencommunication,coー-

ーaboration,and

 

empowerment

 

hascaused

 

ODto

struggーeinrecentdecadesinthefaceofapercep-

tionthatthesearevaluesfroma“gentler”timeand

lnconsistentwithfiercelycompetitivemarketswhere

onlyrapid

 

change,driven

 

bytop‐downedict,can

givehopeofsurviva-.However,BurnesandCooke

(2012)querythischaracterization ofOD,lnstead

theyask,‘ぬreweinatimewhentheissueofvalues

hasneverbeenmoreimportant?“Theysuggestthat

manycountriesarestrugglingwiththeimpactofor‐

ganizationsexhibitingunethical,andfinancia1fyor

environmenta-ly

 

unsustainable,practices.lfthis

 

is

so,BurnesandCooke(2012,p.1417)argue,OD“with

its

 

humanist,democraticand ethicalvalues,wide

rangeofpanicipativetoolsandtechniques,andex-

perienceinpromotingbehaviorchanges,isidealーy

p1aced..,toplayaleadingro-einthemovementto

amoreethicalandsustainablefuture.”

  

Similarly,widelyexperiencedprofessorandcon-

sultant,HarvardBusinessSchoo-’sMikeBeer(2014,p.61),argues:

VViththecorporatescandalsofthe

 

pastde-

cade,clearevidencethatwearedoingdam‐

agetoourplanet,andthegreatrecessionof

2008...higherambitionCE0sarereframingthe

 

purpose

 

of

 

their

 

firm

 

from

 

increasing

shareholdervaluetocontributingtoallstake‐

holders..,.Thistrendisopenlngupnewop-

portunitiesforthefield

 

ofODto

 

helpthese

higher

 

ambition

 

ーeaders

 

to

 

create

 

a better

world.ト{igherambitioncompaniesintegrate

head,heart,andhands.

288

 

ChaPter9

 

0増ロ′7′zq”○〃上)g1窄め野川emq′7dSe′7se‐A‘‘”鱈′7g月PProqc力釧

Are OD Values Unlversa1?

onechallengeleveledatODiswhethertheapproach andthevaluesunderpinningit

arerelevant outsideofthe United

 

States, whereitwas predominantly developed,As

withtheissueofthecontinuingrelevanceofOD values overtime(aspreviouslydis‐

cussed),debateovertheglobalappropriatenessofoDvaluescontinues(see,e.g,,Sorenson

and aeger,2014),

 

Some advocatesportray OD changevaluesasbeinguniversal, with culturaldiffer…

encesservingas“aveneerwhichcoverscommon 和ndamentalhumanexistence”(B1akeetal,,2000,p.60),Forexample,B1akeetal.(2000)claimthattheclassic 賜の?αgerZ”/

ror乙eααg′随わノGr彰 丘ameworkdevelopedby RobertB1akeandJane Moutoninthe

l960shasbeenappliedsuccess範1lyin manydi掻erentcountries,ForB1akeetal,(2000,

p,54)this丘amework was“probablythefirstsystematic,comprehensive approachto

organizationalchange”andhadplayedacentralroleinthedevelopmentofOD.They

arguethatthe

 

grid

 

sustains

 

and

 

extends

 

core

 

oD values

 

in

 

seeking greater

 

candor,openness,andtrustin organizations,Thegrid mapssevenleadershipstylesthatvary

intermsoftheiremphasisonpeopleversusresults:controlling,accommodating,status

quo,indifferent,paternalist,opportunist,and

 

sound-the

 

latter

 

style being pre長)rred

inso住もrasitportraysaleadershipstylethatisconcernedForbothresultsand people

(B1akeetal.,2000).

  

The

 

gridhasbeen used

 

as

 

the basis

 

for

 

change

 

leadership

 

seminars,helpingto

establishbothindividualawarenessandskills,lnresponsetothequestionofthegrid’s

applicabilityoutsideoftheUnitedStates,theyclaim thatithasbeenusedextensively

・n a variety ofcountries(includingwithin Asia),in partbecauseof“itsabilityto

e鈷ectivelyemployauniversalmodeiofef]℃〉ctive managementandorganiZation deve1一

opmentwithin diversecultures”(B1akeetal.,2000,p,59).Similarly,免rSorenson

and ¥aeger(2014,p.58)theevidence 丘om yearsofapplication ofODin diverse

countries

 

is

 

that

 

national

 

cultural

 

values

 

are

 

more

 

akin

 

to “a

 

veneerthat

 

covers

morefundamentalanduniversalneeds,needswhicharereflectedinthefundamental

valuesofOD,“

 

HOWever,otheroD advocatesaremorecircumspectabouthow 魚rthe oD approach

isrelevantacrossculturalboundaries.Forexample,Marshak(1993)contendsthatthere

are 和ndamentally diぼerent assumptions underlying Eastern(Con和cian/Taoist)and

western(Lewinian/oD)viewsoforganizationalchange.Thesedi都erencesareoutlinedintable9,3.Marshaにs(1993)viewisthat oD practitioners needto view with careany

assumptionstheymayholdthatoD practiceshaveuniversalapP1icability,Whileル1irvis

(2006)recommendsthatoDbecomemoreopentoapluralismofideasbydrawing茸ombothEasternandv~/esternstylesofthought,Similarly,Fagenson一E1and,Ensher,andBurke

(2004,p,461),basedonthefindingsofaseve距nationstudy,concludethat”oD practi-

tioners

 

shouldcarefullyconsider dimensions

 

ofnationalculture when recommending

specificoDinterventions,“

Engaglngin Large‐Scale Change

oneofthebiggestchallengestothetraditionaloDfieldwasthecriticismthatitwasill

suitedtohandlelarge‐scaleorganizationalchange,TraditionaloDtechniques化)cusedon

ChaPter9

 

0′耳の7Zz倣わ“Del’どめ力用例?その7dSe〃鰍多崩毎虚′7g月PP化’”〆?es

 

289

    

291

TABLE9.3

    

Lewinian/ODAssumptーons

           

confucian/下aoistAssumPtionslsODChange

Cul顔reBound?

  

・Linear(movementfrompasttopresent

  

・ Cydical(constantebbandflow)

         

tofuture)

        

・Pro9ressive(newstatemoredesirable)

 

・ Processionaー(harmoniousmovement

                             

fromonestatetoanother)

        

・ Goaloriented(specificendstateinmind) ・Journeyoriented(cydicalchange,

                             

thereforenoendstate)

        

・ Basedoncreatingdisequillbrium(by

   

. Basedonmaintainingequillbrium

         

alteringcurrentfieldofforces)

      

(achievenaturalharmony)

          

・ P1annedandmanagedbypeople

      

・ observedandfolーowedbyinvolved

         

separatefromchangeitseーf(appーication

   

people(whoconstantlyseekharmony

         

oftechniquestoachievedesiredends)

  

withtheiruniverse)

        

・ Unusual(assumptionofstaticorseml‐

                        

  

・ Usual(assumptionofconstantchange

         

staticstateoutsideofachangeProcess}

  

as,intheyi作yangphilosoPhy,eachnew

                            

ordercontainsitsownnegation)

rずnonlou

anothe

ourneyo

erefore

umptio

ntf「om

Source:AdaptedfromMarshak(1993).

workillgwithindividualsandgroupdynamicsthroughProcessessuchassurvey篤edback

andteam building.Such methodscameunderattack asbeinginsuぜicienttodealwith

thelarge‐scalechangesneededbyorganizationstocoPewiththehypercompetitivebusi‐nessworldthatcon丘ontsthem(ManningandBinzagr,1996,p.269).OD wasseenas“tooslow,tooincrementalandtoo participative

”tobethewayto managechangeata

time when organizationso代en錠cedtheneedto make maiorchangeandtodosowith

sPeed(BurnesandCooke,2012,p,1397).

 

Asaresultofsuchcriticisms,manyOD practitionersbeganto movetheir恥cus丘ommicro‐organizationalissuesto macro,large‐systemissues,includingaligningchangetothestrategicneedsoftheorganization(Worleyetai.,1996).Thishasledtothedevelopment

ofarangeoftechniques

 

designedto getthe whole

 

organizationalsystem,or atleast

representativesofdi掻erentstakeholdersofthewholesystem,intoaroom atoneandthe

sametime.

 

W/holesystem techniquestakeavarietyofあrmsandnames,includingsearchconfer-

ence(seetable9.4),範turesearch,real‐timestrategicchange,worldca発,townhallmeet-

lngs,simu-real, whole‐system

 

design, OPen‐SPace

 

technology,ICA strategic

 

P1anning

Process,particiPative design, 魚st‐cycleFulIParticiPation,large‐scaleinteractive Process,

andappreciative 範turesearch(AXelrod,1992;Bunkerand 用ban,1992,1997;Dannemi-nerandjacobs,1992;EmeryandPurser,1996;Fuller,GriffinandLudema,2000;Holman,Devaneand Cody,2007;K1ein,1992;Levineand Mohr,1998),Suchtechniques are

typicallydesignedto workwithuptothousandsofpeopleatonetime.

  

Thevarioustechniquesdoentaildiぼerences・Sometechniquesassumethatorganiza-

tionaIParticipantscanshaPeandenactboththeirorganizationanditssurroundingenvl‐

ronment;othersarebasedontheassumPtionthattheenvironmentisgiven(althoughitsdefiningcharacteristicsmayneedtobeactivelyagreedupon)andthatorganizationsand

their

 

participants

 

join

 

together

 

democratically

 

to

 

identi角

 

aPpropriate

 

adaPtation

292

 

ChaPter9

 

0′旨の7迄鯖め′7Del’〆○変77g′汀の7dSの?se‐み毎顔′7g4口Prod欲es

boardroom withmembersseatedaroundonelarge

ellipticaltable).

  

Participantssatatsmallroundtables(seating

four),Thepresentersexplainedthepurposeofthe

event

 

and

 

the

 

VVorld

 

Cafき

 

process,and

 

the

 

first

roundbeganwiththepresentersaskingthepartici-

pants

 

to

 

discuss

 

their

 

own

 

experiences

 

ofreally

good

 

conversations

 

and

 

what

 

itwasaboutthose

conversationsthatmadethem

 

”reallygood.”lnfu-

ture

 

rounds,presenters

 

asked

 

respondentstodis‐

cussquestionssuchas“VVhatcouldMOS1bellkein

fiveyears?”and”VVe’renowfiveyearsinthefuture

andMOS1hasattainedthesegoals.VVhatdidwedo

togethere’’(JorgensonandSteier,2013,p,396).

  

Postscript:ReactionstothisuseofVVorld Cafe

differed

 

between

 

participants. A1though

 

severaI

  

Proponents

 

of1arge-sca1e

 

interVention

 

approaches

 

are g1owing,sometimes

 

a1most

evangelicaLin expoundingtheirbenefits, Weisbord(1992b,pp,9-10)claimsthat

FutureSearchcon元renceoutcomes“canbequitestartling”andproducerestructured

bureaucratic hierarchiesinWhich”Peoplepreviouslyinopposition o賃en acttogether

acrosshistoricbarriersinlessthan48hours.” Resultsemerge

“withgreaterspeedand

increasedcommitmentandgreatlyreducedresistancebytherestoftheorganization”

(AXelrod,1992,p.507)enhancing”innovation,adaptation,andlearning“(AXelrod,

2001,p.22).

  

However,alongsidetestamentstothesuccessofthesetechniquesaredisagreements

regardingboththeoriginoflarge‐scale,whole‐system changetechniquesandtheirlikely

eぼectiVenessinhighlyVolat江eenvironments.some writersdisagreeWiththeVersionof

“OD history”thatdepictsthefieldashavingmovedovertime丘om a microtoa macro

Focus, They

 

maintain

 

that

 

large‐scale

 

techniques

 

haVe

 

always been

 

part

 

ofthe

 

OD

approachandthat“ODershaveastrongtendencytoneglecttheirpast”(()olembiewski,

1999,p,5).otherssuchasHerman(2000)maintainthatbecauseoftheneed 危r more

rapidresponses,systemwideculturechangeprogramsarelessrelevanttodaythan more

speciFic,situationalinterVentions

 

such

 

as

 

Virtualteam building and

 

management

 

of

宜lergerprocesses,

  

AJignedwiththiscritiqueistheissueoFthe熊asibilityofsystemwidechangesinan

era when“[t]heoldmode1oftheorganizationasthecenteroFitsuniverse,withitscus‐

tomers,share‐owners,suppliers,etc.rotatingaroundit,isnolongerapplicablein‘new‐era’

organization (Herman,2000,p.110),Asone OD practitionerargues,“rm notsurethat

‘system widechangeisrea且ypossible,sincetherealsystem ofteninclude[s]anumber

oFstrategic

 

partners who may neverbuyinto

 

changesthatfitone company but not

anothe (citedinHerman,2000,p.109).

  

However,others

 

disagree,For OD

 

consultant Susan Hoberecht

 

and hercolleagues

(2011),theincreasing centrality ofinterorganizationalalliances and networksinthe

JorgensonandSteier(2013)

boardmembersagreedwithonecolーeague’senthu-

siasticresponsethat”thiswasthefirsttimeinalong

timethatwereallytalkedtoeachother“andthat

”maybethisiswhataboard meetin9Cou/dbellke,“

another

 

respondedrather

 

ambiguous-y,“Y;es,this

hasbeengreatbutnowlet’sgetdowntobusiness”

(JorgensonandSteier,2013,p.396),Forsomepeo-

pie,anexperience-ikeVVoridCafeopensupanew

setofpossibilitiesastohowtheycould workwith

eachotherinthefuture;forothersitisdismissedas

a(possiblyinteresting)diversionbeforetheyreturn

to“businessasusual.“

                                          

ChaPter9

 

0′耳ロ′7′zq“o′7Del’e/oP′77e′””′7dSe′7se‐虜毎膚′?gえ口Proαじ方搭

 

293

                 

business

 

world Provides

 

an oPPortunityfor

 

change methods With

 

asystemWide 化)Cus

              

becauseinsuch anenviion立lentagreaterthaneverPremiumisP1acedonthee鎖ective

           

oPeratingofinterdePendencies.lnsuch an environment, Hoberechtetal.(2011)argue,

                   

large‐scaleinterventionshaveParticularrelevance.

                     

Foran e]mーPirical.ybasedassessmentofVariousasPectsoftheeaヨectivenessoflarge-

           

scaleinterventions,seeWorleyetal.(2011).

圃圏 Appreciativelnquiry(AD

Techniques of“inclusion” aPProPriatetolarge‐scale orlarge-grouPinterventiontech‐

niquesledtothem beinglabeledaspartofa new ”engagementParadigm”(AXelrod,2001,P.25),a“new typeofsocialinnovation“(Bunkerand A1ban,1992,p.473),a“Paradigmshir (DannemillerandJacobs,1992,p.497),and“anevolutioninhuman

thought,vision

 

and values

 

uniquely

 

suited

 

to

 

our

 

awesome

 

21st

 

Centurytechnical,

economic,andsocialdilemmas”(weisbord,1992b,P.6).TheyrePresentedashi代from

the

 

emphasis

 

on

 

Problem-solving

 

and

 

conflict

 

management,common to earlier

 

OD

programs,to aFocusonjointenvisioningofthefuture.Forexample,Fuller, Griぜin,

andLudema(2000,P.31)maintainthatWithaproblem‐solvingapProachcomesthe

assumptionthat“organizing‐is‐a‐problem-to‐be‐solved,” ○nethatentailsstePssuch as

problem

 

identification, analysis

 

ofcauses

 

and

 

solutions, and the

 

development

 

of

action plans,

 

Contrarytothislogic,Fulleretal.(2000)pointtotheassumptionsunderlyingthe

APPreciativelnquiry(AI)apProachtochange,whichseekstoidenti~ whatiscurrently

worldngbestandtobuildonthiskロowledgetohelpdevelopand design Whatmightbe

achievedinthefuture.Theyoutlinethetechniqueasinvolving缶urstePs:

・ 上)為のyermgorapPreciatingthebestofwhatiscurrentlypracticed.

・ &厳粛〃gonthis]超owledgetoheIPenvision(ordream)aboutWhatthefuturecouldbe,

・ Des!g形刀gorco‐constructing(throughcollectivedialogue)Whatshouldbe,

. &姻ねZm乃gtheorganization’sdestinyorfuture.

  

ThetechniqueisalsodepicteddiagrammaticallyinFigure9.1.AねinustrativesamP1e

ofquestions食)rthis化’ur‐stepprocessisprovidedintable9.5,

  

lnthesetechniquestheactofParticiPation orinclusionofa widevariety ofvoices

itselfconstitutesachangeintheorganization.The”what”tochangeandthe“how”to

changecannotbeeasilyseparated.

 

lntheiroutlineofthebene負tsofAPPreciativelnqu江y,Fu且eretal.(2000,P.31)claim

thatit“releasesan outPouringofnew constructiveconversations,““unleashesaself

sustaininglearningcapacity withintheorganization,”“createstheconditionsnecessary

貴)rselforganizingtoflourish,“and“

Providesareservoirofstrength貴)rPositivechange.”

Thesearenot minorclaims. Certainly,thetechniqueshavebeenrePortedly usedsuc‐

cess鏡1lyin avarietyoforganizationalsettings(Weisbord,1999b).However,whether

these

 

aPProaches

 

are

 

successfu1in

 

achievingtheiroutcomes

 

is

 

diぜicu1tto

 

estab1ish,

beingbased mosto賃en ontheassertionsoftheirproponentsratherthan onrigorous

researchevidence.

294

 

ChaPter9

 

0増の7鳶α!わ′7Del’eわP′77g川口′7dSe′7se-脳劣αた′′7g月βProαc方es

FIGURE9iAppreciativelnquiry4-D

Cycle

A爺rmor′VetoP′C

  

choにe

ReprintedWithpermissionofthepublisher.FromAppreciatiVelnquiry,Copyright2007byCooperrider/Whitney,Berrett‐KoehlerPublishers,lnc,,SanFrancisco,CA,川lrightsreserved,

TABLE9.5AぬmustrativeSampleofAppreciativelnquiryQuestionsThefo=owingquestionswerepartofanAI-basedoDengagementthatconsultantMeghanaRao(2014,p.81)carriedoutinaU,S.socialservicesagency.

Stage

       

Questions

D′scove”ng

   

“Describeatimewhenyouweremostproudtobeamemberofyourorganization,仇′hat

           

wasthesituation?ぬ′howasinvolved?戦′hatmadeitaproud moment?”

Dreom

      

‘‘lmagineyourselfandyourorganizationhavebeenfast‐forwardedbyfiveyears.W′hat

           

doyouseearoundyou?仇′hatdoesthestructurelooklike?Howhavedientsbeen

          

created,retained,andexpanded?“

Des′gn

       

”W′hatwillyouridealorganizationalstructurelooklike?--people,systems?.” 恥′hat

          

structuresneedtobeinplacefortheorganizationtosustainandemployeestoflourish?”

Desr′ny

      

“W′hataretheactionitemsthatweneedtocovertocreatetheorganizationofthe

           

future?W′hatadditionalresourceswiーlbeneeded?“

RoadwayExpress,aNorthAmerican

 

industria曇and

   

capabilitiesforsustainedeconomicperf。rrnance.ーncommercialtransportationcompany,adoptedanAp‐

  

whatwascal-edtheBreakthrough

 

LeadershipPro-

preciativelnquiryapproachtochangeitscultureand

   

gram,150

 

RoadwayExpress

 

leaderswentthrough

management,VV。rking with

 

CaseVVestern

 

Reserve

   

persona-

 

discoveryexercisesinvolving

 

deve-○pin9University,thecompanyembarked。namajorlead‐

  

personal

 

vision

 

statements,identifying personal

ership‐training

 

program

 

to

 

deveーop

 

ski=s

 

and

   

strengths

 

and

 

weaknesses,developing

 

personal

ChaPter9

 

0′8の7迄猫′o″Dew/o脚打e旧館7dSe′7s抄八メロ膚′7g月口夢中qc方es

 

295

learnlngplanS,andexperimentingWiththeSebackin

theworksetting.Executivecoachesservedtofacili-

tatetheseProcesses.

  

ln

 

the

 

next

 

phase,David

 

Cooperrider,who

 

co-

founded Appreciative

 

lnquiry,worked withthem

 

in

convenlng summits(1arge 9roup meetings),each

heldovertwodaysandconsistingofacrosssection

ofstakeholders(customers,sta什,suppーiers,andoth-

ers).Theaim ofthesesummitswastoidentifywhat

the“ideal”wasfortheorganizationinrelationtoa

varietyofbusinessissues,Eachsummitwentthrough

thefourA1stages(discovew,dreaming,designing,

andde-ivering)tofaciーitatecooperationandcolーabo‐

ration

 

throughoutthe

 

organization,From

 

2000

 

to

2004,8,00ORoadwayPeopleexperiencedthispro-

cesswithover70summitsbeingheldinthistime.At

theendofeachsummit,inwhatwasreferredtoas

the“openmicrophone“segment,panicipants”pub-

ーicーypledgedtheircommitmenttoeachothertosee

thechangesembodiedintheactionplansthroughto

completioげ(Vanoosten,2006,P,712),

Vanoosten(2006)

[両面司 Positive organizationaIScholarshiP(POS)

Dubbedasa“new movementinorganizationalscience,”Positive organization‐aIScholar‐

ship(Pos)isanumbrellatermthatemergedintheearly200ostoencompassapproachessuch as Appreciativelnquiryandothers,includingpositivepsychologyand com・nunity

psychology(CameronandCaza,2004,p.731).POSdevelopedoutofaviewthatあrmost

ofthehistoryofoD,attentionhadmainlybeenpaidtoidenti夢inginstancesof“negatively

motivated change”(orproblems)in organizationsand designing change programsto

eliminatethem(CameronandMcNaughtan,2014).Followingthislineofargument,think

ingaboutthepositive

 

aspects

 

oforganizationallifヒーandbuildingchangeprogramsto

spreadtheseaspectselsewherein organizations--hasbeenrelativelyneglected.

 

丁lotakeaPosperspectiveinvolveswhatoneofits化〉unders,K1m Cameron,describes

as“fburconnotation (Cameronand McNaughtan,2014,p.447):

1,‘Adoptingapositivelensrwhichmeansthatwhetheroneisdealingwithcelebrations/

 

successesoradversity/problems,the節cusison 筆fegivingelements.”

2.“Focusingonpositivelydeviantperた)rmance,

”which meansinvestigatingoutcomesthat

  

arewellinexcessofany normallyexpected perlt)rmance,thatis,outcomesthatare

  

spectacular,surprlslng,orextraordinary.

3.”ぬ」ssumingan a日Firmative bias”involvesholdingtheview thatpositivitygeneratesin

  

individuals,groups,andorganizationsthecapacity化)rgreaterachievements.

4.“Examining virtuousness”involves

 

assumingthatall“human

 

systems” areinclined

  

toward“thehighestaspirationsofman娘nd.”

 

lnlinewiththecoaching metaphor,POScanbedepictedascoaching organizations

toidentifytheit”bestplays,”tounderstandthebehaviorsanddynamicsunderlyingthem,

and then

 

to

 

work out how to

 

spread them to

 

other parts

 

oftheir“game”(the

organization).

 

POS hashaditscritics.Fineman(2006,pp.270‐73)raisesfourissuesthatquestion

whetherPOScanreallyliveuptoits“positive

”alnコs.First,hequestionswhetherwecanreally

agreeonwhichbehaviorsare”positive.

“W/hatpasses危rbeimgpositivewinvaryindiflerent

296

 

ChaPter9

 

0増o′7′zq〃○〃上〉eye加野′77emα〃dSe′7s 脳超膚′7g月口Proqc方榔

         

enviromments.Fore×amP1e, 血 review血ganumberofresearchsmdies,hePojmtsouthow

         

‘“courageous,’‘principled’corporatewhistle‐blowersarealsoreadilyregardedastraitors,reneg‐

       

        

ngontheunspokencorporatecode(‘viftue’)toneverwashone’sd立ty 血eninpub=c,“

         

Second,he(2006,pp,274‐75)questionswhetherthepositivecanbeseparated丑omthe

         

negativeor whethertheyarereally“twosidesofthesamecoin,inextricablyweldedand

       

mutuanyrein危rcing,“ Forexample:

“Happiness maytriggerah騨dety(‘win my happiness

       

last?’).Lovecanbemixedwithbitternessandjealousy,山□gercan 元elenerglzlngandexcit-

         

          

ng.“By あcusing on positiveexperiences,he maintains,approachessuch as Appreciative

         

lnquiry魚il“tovaluetheopportunitiesfbrpositivechangethatarepossible丘om negative

         

e×periences,suchasembarrassingevents,periodsofanger,a鳶口ety,fear,orshame.“

         

Third,he(2006,p,276)pointsto how whatareregarded aspositivebehaviorsand

        

emotionsdi鐘er,notjustindi掻erentorganizationalenvironmentsbutalsoacrossdi鎖erent

       

culturalenvironments,Drawingontheworkofwritersonculture,hepointsouthow“[e]

        

茸usivehope,anenerg・zlngemotioninthe駅/est,isnotasentimentorterm prevalentin

        

culturesandsub‐culturesinfluencedbyConfucianism andBuddhism.“

         

Fourth,he(2006,p.281)suggeststhatthereis“anunarticulateddarksidetopositiveness,”

        

Thisoccurswherethereisalackofrecognitionthattherearediflerentinterestsinorganiza-

        

tionsandthatnotaupeop1erespondWeutoso‐canedpositiveprograms]駄eempowerment

        

andemotionalmtemgenceorpracticesthatimposea“cultureoffun”mtheworkplace.These

        

programs“haveam‐医edoruncertainrecord,andsomecanproducetheveryoppositeofthe

       

selfactuaロzationand員berationtheyseer(Fineman,2006,p.281),

          

lnresponsetothesecriticisms,de免ndersofPOSarguethattheilperspectivecomple-

        

mentsandexpandsratherthanreplacestheperspectiveofthosewho‘‘onlywrestlewiththe

       

questionofwharswrongin organizations”(Roberts,2006,p,294),lndeed,thosewhose

        

          

bcusisonthelatterquestion“mayinadvertentlyignoretheareasofhumannourishingthat

         

e副iven andcontributevalueto organizations,eveninthe 魚ceofsignificanthuman and

       

structuralchauenges“(Roberts,2006,p.295).Posispresentedas“concernedwithunder

         

standingthemtegrationofpositiveandnegativeconditions,notmerelywithanabsenceof

       

thenegative”(Cameron and Caza,2004,p.732).Ratherthanassumethatthereareno

          

umversallypositivev立tues,thetaskofP0sisto“discovertheextenttowhichv立tuesand

       

goodnessareculturauyin”uenced(Roberts,2006,p.298).Roberts(2006)suggeststhat

           

criticism ofp〇S maybeduetoacombj比ーationofthecriticsnotwantingtostepoutsideof

        

theircom云ortzone-anapproachto managingchangethatisあcusedonident的mgproblems-

         

andlackofconsideration貴)rtherelative出稼ncyofPOSasanareaofpractice,

             

Vvheredoesthisleavethe managerofchange? ontheoneside,proponentsofpOS

            

wishto change organizations with“animplicitdesireto enhancethequalityoflif宅貴)r

       

individualswho workwithinandareafFectedbyorganizations“(Roberts,2006,p,294).

           

0ntheothersidearecriticalscholarswhodonotlayoutanalternativecalltoaction貴)r

           

agentsofchangeso muchascautionthemiftheyassumethattheywillbesuccessfulin

           

the立”positive“ventures.lnstead,thecriticsofPOSurgePOSadvocatestorecognizehow

       

underlyingpowerrelationshipsandinterestsinorganizations(andbeyond)willlimittheir

            

actions;theyalsoareurgedtorecognizethatwhatpassesasbeingpositivewillvaryin

            

difヂerentcontextsandmaynotbesharedbyall,However,suchcriticalreflectionsdonot

         

seem to have

 

dented,in any signi賃cant way,theincreasing momentumthatthe

 

POS

         

movementhasgained,atleastinNorthArnerica.W′hetheritachievesthesamemomen‐

         

tum outsideoftheUnitedStatesremainstobeseen.

ChaPter9

 

0増mdzα“の?上}のぞめ鰯??emの7dSの7sgみdq膚′増月口ProQc力es

 

297

 

Cameronand MCNaughtan(2014,P,456)reVisitthefindingsofadecadeofaPP且cation

ofPOSideastoorganizationalchangecoveringsuchvariablesasv立tuousPractices(e.g.,compassion),humanistic values,the meaning短lness ofwork,high-qualityinterpersonal

communication,hoPe,energy,andselfe茸icacy.Theysummarizetheresultsas“Provid【inglsupportfbrthebenefitsofpositivechangePracticesinreal-world worksettings.

” Quinnand Cameron(2019)provideasummary,descriPtion,and discussionofpos’distinctiveapProachtoorganizationalchange.

圏麗璽

 

Dialogic organization DeveloPment

AsOD develoPedthroughitsvarious mani免stations,suchasLarge GrouPlnterventions

and Appreciativelnquiry,it was moving moreand moreaway丘omtheclassic,diagno‐

si driven,aPProachto oD(asdescribedintheinitialsectionsofthischaPter).Gervase

BusheandBob Marshak(2009)characterizedthischangebycontrastingthetraditional”DiagnosticOD”withwhattheydescribedas“DialogicOD.

 

Busheand Marshak(2009)contrastthecharacteristicsofDiagnosticandDialogicOD.Wrhereastraditional,orDiagnostic,ODemPhasizesthatanyproblemrequir宣1gchangecouldbeaddressedbyf立stapP1yingano団ectivediagnosisofthecircumstancesofthesituation,DialogicODtreatsrealityassu覇ectivesothatthepriority minterveninginanorganization

wastoidenti8randackdlowledgedi掻erentstakeholders’interpretationsofwhat節rthem was“rea亘ty.

”lnParallelwiththis,theroleoftheODconsultantmoved丘om beingtheProvider

ofdata食)r魚ct‐drivendecision ma姫ngtobeingthe魚c江itatorofprocessesthatencouraged”conversations”aroundchangeissues(Marshak,2013;BusheandMarshak,2015)(seethebox“FromtheoriginatorsofDialogicOD,GervaseBusheandBobMarshar).

By2005eachofushadseparatelyconc-udedthat

variousODchange

 

methodswerebeing

 

practiced

thatdidn’tfollowthebasicorthodoxiesfoundinOD

textbooks.Aーthough

 

we

 

didn’t

 

realーy know

 

each

otheratthattime,wedecidedtocollaborateonde-finingthe

 

premises

 

and

 

practiceswebeーieved

 

un-

der-ay

 

approaches

 

as

 

disparate

 

as open

 

space

下echnology,Appreciative

 

lnquiry,and

 

the

 

Art

 

of

Hosting,tonameafew,-na2009articleweorlg--

natedthenameandconceptof”DialogicOD,“based

ontheprinciplethatchangecomesfrom changing

everydayconversations

 

and

 

contrasted

 

itwiththe

foundationalformof○Dwenamed”DiagnosticODP

 

Laterweaniculated

 

keyideasderivedfromthe

interpretive

 

and

 

complexitysciencesthatleadtoa

DialogicODMindsetandthe”secretsauce”ofingre-dientsthatincombinationproducetransformationai

change.Thoseingredients,occurringin

 

nospecific

order,include:disruptionofongoingpatternsofso‐

cialagreementsuchthattheemergenceofnewpat-

ternsoforganizingbecomepossible;introductionof

a”generativeimage,“forexamples”sro/“ob′edeV1e/-

opme“もthatstimulatesnewthinkingandpossibili‐

tiesnotpreviouslyconsidered;anddevelopmentof

new narrativesthatbecomepartoftheday‐to‐day

conversationsthatguidehow organizationalactors

thinkaboutandrespondtosituations.

  

VVebelieveDialogicODisespeciaー-ye行ectiveina

VUCA【Volatility,uncertainty,complexity,ambiguity]

world

 

ofcontinualchange.Giventhoseconditions,

「Com′nueの

298

 

ChaPter9

 

0増α′7′zq”○〃 )el’e/○野川e′7!”′7dSe′7sgゐ仏αた′′7g月PProdcみes

insteadoftryingtocontroltheuncontrollable,Dia-

ーogic

 

OD

 

asks

 

leaders

 

to

 

enrich

 

stakeholder

 

net-

works,promote

 

open-ended

 

inquiry and

 

support

groups

 

that

 

self‐generate small

 

experiments

 

that

challengeconventionalwisdomandmayーeadtonew

outcomesnotpreviouslyconsidered,Leadersstayinvoーved

 

by

 

amplifying

 

and

 

embedding

 

new

 

ideas

and

 

practicesthatwork,ln

 

brief,leaders

 

become

 

Centraltothe DialogicOD approachistheviewthat“realchange’’onlyoccurs when

m加ーdsetsarealteredandthatthisismーorelikelytooccurthrough“generativeconversations”

thanPersuasionby”魚cts,”Aユtered口lin‐dsetsarerePresentedbychangesattheleveloflan-

guageandassociatedchangesatthelevelofactionstakenbyorgalはization members.This

changedapproachisalsoassociatedwithmoves丘om(1)seeingchangeasarelative夢 ma企

ageable,P1annable,UillearProcesstoonethatcouldbeunPredictablewith魚r丘om predictable

moves丘omdiagnosistooutcomesand(2)“theshi童丘omf鎚mgaProblemtocultivatinga

system capableofaddressingitsownchauenges”(Holman,2013,P.20)(seetable9,6).

 

ASOD continuestoevolve,itremainsa maior“schoolofthought

“asto how organi-

zationalchangeshouldbe managed.AJthough debateseXistasto what貴)rm ofODis

optmlal,貿ラnkasi(2018,P,67)arguesthevirtuesofOD as 危1lows:

Theideaoftopdowncentralisedchangeleadershipisbecoming moreand moreobsolete

aswedevolve丘om monolithicorganizationalstructurestonimbleandagiledecentralised

structures.Theneedofthehourisinvolvingcommunitiesofstakeholders,empowerment

acrossabroadswathoftheorganization,and態CilitatingPoly‐vocalconversationstodeter-

minethescopeandtheprocessofchange.

TABLE9.6HowDialogicODandDiagnosticODAreDif発rent:BaseAssumptions

              

DialogicOD DiagnosticOD

什owlわeODprodだ′oner

 

W′orkingWithPeoP1einaWaythat

    

Carryingoutdiagnosisofthe

中f7uencesrわe

        

createsnewawareness,knoW1edge,

  

organiZationalsituationbefore

orgdn′zo”on

        

andpossibilities intervening

W物ofimo火esc力onge

   

EngagingwithstakeholdersinWays

   

APP1yingknownexPertisetoidentify,hoppen?

           

thatdisruptandshiftexistingpatterns

  

p-an,andmanagethechangeina

               

ofnorms,beliefsandbehaviorsleading

 

systematicunfreeze‐change-refreeze

              

totheemergenceofneWpossibilities sequence

              

andassociatedcommitments

Zわeconsu′ton『お

      

AsaninvolvedfacilitatorWhobecomes

 

Asaneutralfacilitato「whoretainsa

o“en『of′on

         

partofthesituationbeingchanged

    

separatenessanddistancefromthose

                                       

beingaffected

PrivatecorresPondencefrom Bob Marshaktothe

  

authors,Marchll,2015,

sponsorsandframersofdialogicprocessesthatstim-

ulateinnovationandinvention,ratherthantryingto

maintainilーusorycontroーasdirectorsormanagersof

plannedchange,

Source:AdaPtedfromMarshak,R.J.2015.MyjoumeyintoDialogicorganizationdeveloPmem.ODPmαmo〃er47(2):4 52(丘omtablel,P.48).

ChaPter9

 

0増の7な倣わ〃上杉1’do脚778′7rq′7dsの7se-山名α膚′堰月ゑProαc角郎

 

299

 

However,nota旦 OD Practitioners aresurethata move官om tDiagnosticl OD to

DialogicODissu茸icienttoPosition OD OPtilnaily食)rbeingableto haveaninnuenCe

onhowchangeinorganizationsis managed.Forexample,both Worley(2014)andBar

tunek and Woodman(2015)arguethatthediagnostic‐dialogicdichotomyisunhelp範l

andthat”Weshouldbeta”dngaboutWhetheracomPrehensiveandsystematicdiagnostic

ODcanbeintegratedwithareallygooddialogicODtocreateapowerfulchangeprocess”

(Worley,2014,p.70).For Worley(2014,p.70),thedialogic-diagnosticあcusplacestoo

muchattentionon“ODasProcess“;hearguesthat賞)rOD”tocaptureitsfulIPotential

practitioners mustcomplementtheirprocessskillswithskillsandknowledge“relatedto

theprinciP1esand 丘ameworksofstrategyandorganization design.”

Aspartofachangethatinvolvedtheimpーementation

ofanewcustomerrelationship management(CRM)

system,theemployeesofafinancialservicesorgani-

zationwereaskedtorequestcustomerstomakean

appointmentatwhichtheirfinancialsituationwouーd

bereviewedfreeofcharge.Emp1oyeesweretomake

this

 

requestduringthecourse

 

ofregularover‐the-

countertransactions.However,thetargetednumber

ofappointmentswasnotbeing

 

reached,and

 

itap‐

pearedthatthe

 

barrierwasemployees

 

notfeelingconfidentaboutmakingtherequiredapproach.

 

lnresponsethefinancia-institutionarrangedfora

theatrecompanytocraftandpresentaplaythatilーus-

tratedtheconversationsandinteractionsinvo1vedin

the

 

interface

 

between

 

customerand

 

employee.A

ha-f-daytheatre

 

workshop

 

wasthen

 

conducted

 

in

which

 

participating

 

empーoyees wereinvitedto

 

ask

questionsoftheactorsandtosuggestchangesto

thescripttomaketheplaymore”realisticrAsecond

workshopfollowedatwhichemployeesvoーunteered

scenariosthatwouldmaketheplayevenmoretypi-

caーofthecustomerinterfacesituationsinwhichtheywereinvolved.Theemployeesthenjoinedthethe‐

atreactorsinactingoutthero1esintheevolvedscript.Fo=owingtheworkshops,acoーlectivediscussiontook

placeonproactivecustomerconversations.

  

Measuresmadefo1ーowingemployeeparticipationinthetheatreprocessshowedasignificantimprove‐

mentin

 

both

 

self‐efficacy

 

beliefs

 

andtask

 

perfor‐

mancecomparedtoa

 

controlgroupofemployees

whodidnotparticipateinthetheatre.

Badhametal.(2015)

MichaeI

 

Beer,ProfessorEmeritusatHBs

 

and

 

co-founder

 

of

 

consulting

 

firm

 

TruePoint

 

Partners

reflectingon50yearsinOD(Beer,2014)-arguesthat

ODisatacrossroadsintermsofitsabilitytobeinflu-

entia-,AccordingtoBeer,evenifanoDengagement

directlyinvolvesjustoneofthefollowingprocesses,theODpractitionermustconsiderhowwhattheyare

doingwi1lenhanceallthreeofthefollowin9:

1, Performonce

 

口/′gnme〃↑. High

 

performance

 

that

 

flows

 

from

 

the

 

organization’s

 

design,

  

processes,andcapabilitiesbeingaligned with

 

itsstrategy

2.Psycho/og′co/

 

o″gnment

 

The commitment

 

of

  

peoplethatfoーlowsfromalignmentbetweenthe

  

organization’scultureandhumanisticva-ues

3, copαc′ry六or/eorn′〃gondchonge・Theorganiza-

  

tionsupporting,onanongoingbasis,honestcon-

  

versationsonanymattersthatinhibitthefirsttwo

  

itemsintheーist.

300

 

ChaPter9

 

0増の7′zのめ′7)eye/○野77g″rq′7dSの7se粥毎膚′7g月PProqc/だs

 

1. Lawenforcement

pyle,B,S,,andCangemi,J.2019.organizational

changeinlawenforcement:Community‐oriented

poーicingastransformationaーleadership,orgo〃′-

zor′onpeve/opmem」oumo/(Winter81‐88,

2. HospitaI

  

Kamolsiri,P,,下ayko,P,R,M,,and Mu=in,V,2018,

 

TheimpactofoDinterventionsonhigh‐perform-

 

ing

 

teams

 

in

 

hospitals.orgon′zo”on

 

Deve/op-

 

menモノou「no/(Summer):51‐74.

3.Smalltomediumenterprises

Stewart,S,,andGapp,R,2017,Thero-eoforgan--

zational

 

developmentin

 

understanding

 

leader-

shiptoachievesustainabilitypracticesinsmallto

medium enterprises,orgon′zo“onDeve/opmenr

ノoumo′{Summer):33-57.

4. Mediaorganization

 

Birmingham, C.2012, HOW

 

OD principles

 

of

 

changestillmatterinanimpossiblesituation,OD

 

P「ocf′r′one「44(4):61-64.

園璽震園 Sense‐Makin9

AsdiscussedinchaPter2 he〃7zemreZerimageemPhasizestheroleofthechangeman-

ager

 

as

 

a“manager

 

of meaning”;thatis,it

 

emphasizesthat

 

acore

 

skillofa change

manageristhecapacityto 丘ame meaning 免rthoseinvolved.Timesofchangecanbe

confusingtothosea鈷ected,andakeyelementofwhatchangemanagersdothroughtheir

variousactionsand communicationslsconveyasenseof‘‘what’sgolngon.” organiza-

tionalchangeis

 

a processthatis

 

”problematic“interms

 

ofits

 

outcomes

 

”becauseit

underminesandchallenges[People’s]existingschemata,whichserveastheinterpretive

丘amesofre発rencethrough whichto makesenseoftheworlず (Lockettetalり2014),

 

Changeoften meansthattheleadersofan organizationareseekingtotakeitina

significantlynew directionand/ortohavetheorganization 範nctioninasignificantlydiぼerent manner.Todoso,thesense‐making processislikelytoinvolveasequence

that Mantereandcolleagues(2012)describeasbeginning with “sensebreaking”(as

theleaderschallengetheappropriatenessofthestatusquo),あ1lowedby“sense-giving

(their

 

attemptsto

 

reshape people’s understandings

 

ofthe

 

direction they should

beheading),

  

M[anagerslackingselfawarenesswillo賃enconveya messagethatisotherthanthey

would

 

intend.People

 

in

 

organizations

 

interpret managers’actions

 

sy]mlbolically,and,

TheU.S.ArmyKoknke,A,,andGonda,T,2013,Creatingacol-

laborativevirtualcommandcentreamongfour

separate

 

organizations

 

in

 

the United

 

States

Army.

 

orgon′zot′on

 

peve′opmenモ

 

ノourno/

(Winter):75-92,

Nonprofitorganizations

Gratton,P.C.2018,organizationDevelopment

andstrategicplanningfornon‐profitorganiza-

tions.

 

orgon′zo”on

 

Deve′opmenモ

 

ノourno/

(Summer):27-38,

Mergersandacquisitions

Marks,M.L.,andMirvis,P.H,2012.ApplyingOD

to

 

make mergers

 

and

 

acquisitions

 

work, OD

P「ocm′one「44(3):5-12,

8. China

Tang,Y.2018.TheoryS:A Chinesetransforma-

tive

 

ODframework.orgonizof′on Deve/opmenf

」omno′(Winter):77-98.

                      

ChaPter9

 

0増αmzα『め″上)eve/o顎77の?rq′7dSe′7s 粥超殻′増月口Proα欲es

 

301

Particulady where 食)rlnal

 

co]mmLunicationsleave

 

ambiguity,suchinterPretations willfill

 

the “meanmg

 

gaP,” Good

 

change

 

managers

 

are

 

likely to

 

have

 

 

high level

 

of

selfawarenessandrecognizethattheircapacitytoprovideanarrativealongthelinesof”what’sgoingon‐and Why?

“-thatis,actingasaninterPreter-can meetaneed・Vvhatisatstake,accordingtolveroth and Hallencreutz(2015,P.3),isthatsensemakingiscentraltocreating

”thenecessaryawareness,understandingandwilIPowerneededtomakepeoplechange,

  

Drawing onthe/“だめreZerimageofmanaging organizationalchange,KarIVVeick’s(2000; WeicketaL,2005)sensemaking modelprovidesan alternative apProachto

the ODschool.Weicks(2000)PointofdePartureisto argueagainstthreecommonchangeassumPtions.

 

Thefirstisthe αssm“prわ〃 ザ!粥川α. Underthisassumption, P1anned,intended

change

 

is

 

necessaryto

 

disruPtthe食)rcesthat

 

contribute

 

to

 

alack

 

ofchange

 

in

 

an

organization sothatthereis

 

alagbetween

 

environmentalchange and organizational

adaPtation. HesuggeststhatthecentralrolegiventoinertiaismisP1acedandresults

丘om aFocusonstructureratherthan a 化)cusonthestructuringflowsand Processes

throughwhichorganizationalworkoccurs.AdoptingthelatterPersPectiveleadsoneto

seeorganizationsasbeinginan ongoingstateofaccomP1ishmentandreaccomplish‐

mentwithorganizationalroutinesconstantlyundergoingadjustmentstobetterfitchang‐

ingcircumstances.

 

Thesecond 餌sm“夢”o“な豹のα蹄q“〆α′α彰edc方α“81ePrりgm′?2Zs“蛇ded However,Veick

(2000)saysthatthisassumPtionisof旗Pitedvaluebecauseit魚江stoactivateWhatheregards

asthe化’urdriversoforganizationalchange.AsoutbLnedinchaPter2,thesedriversare:

・ 4〃卿のめ〃, WherebyPeoP1e remainin motion and mayexPeriment,e.g., withjob

 

descriPtions

・ Z)Zredzo〃.lncludingbeingabletoimP1ement,innovelways,directedstrategies

・ 月ロメ′ば α『ze〃『わ〃 α〃dz‘〃〆の/〃g.Such asuPdatingknowledgeoftheenvironmentand

 

reviewingandrewritingorganizationalrequirements

・ Re切ec抗え cα〃dZdZ〃Zem”わ〃. occurs when PeoP1eareencouragedtosPeak outand

 

engageindialogue,Particularly whenthingsarenotworkingwelI

 

These

 

drivers

 

emerge

 

 

rom

 

 

sense-making

 

PersPective

 

that

 

assumes “that

 

change

engagese鎖ortsto makesense ofeventsthatdon’tfittogether”(weick,2000,P.232).For Weick,mostProgrammedorintentionalchanges態iltoactivateoneormoreofthese

sense‐makingforcesthatassistindividualsin managingambiguity.

 

Thethird msm“pzわ〃ZSZぬ班 Qfz‘淫行雀躍78 mosto賃en associated with Kurt Lewin’s

un丘eezing‐changing‐re官eezing

 

change 危rmula. Un丘eezingisbased

 

on the view that

organizationssufier丘ominertiaandneedtobe“unfrozen.” However,

“ifchangeiscon-

tinuousandemergent,thenthesystemisalreadyun丘ozen.Furthere強ortsatunをeezing

could

 

disruPt whatis

 

essentially

 

a comP1ex adaPtive

 

system thatis

 

already working”

(weick,200Q P,235)・1fthereisdeemedtobeineぼectivenessinthesystem,thenhis

Positionisthatthebestchangesequenceisas危1lows:

・ Ereeze.Tbshow WhatisoccurringinthewaythingsarecurrentlyadaPting・ Rebα超刀ce.ToremoveblockagesintheadaPtiveProcesses

・ けがreeze.℃○enable 和rtheremergentandimprovisationalchangestooccur

302

 

ChaPter9

 

0増の7izdr′○〃上)eye/○功77e′7rq′7αSe′7seadq膚′7g月口Proqc/?es

             

lnthisview oforganizationalchange,changeagentsarethose who arebestableto

        

identiルhowadaptiveemergentchangesarecurrentlyoccurring,muchofwhicho宣enare

            

dismissedasnoiseinthesystem.

             

AsnotedinchaPter2,官omasense‐maidLngperspective,itisuPto managersofchange

             

“toauthorinterpretationsandlabelsthatcapturethepatternsinthoseadaptivechoices

       

[andlwithinthe丘ameworkofsensemaking, managementsees whatthe丑ontlinesays

       

andtellstheworldwhatitmeans“(weick,2000,p.238).Sensema頒ngis“asocialpro-

            

cessofmeaning construction andreconstructionthrough which managersunderstand,

            

interpret,and

 

create

 

sense 食)rthemselves

 

and

 

others

 

oftheirchanging organizational

       

contextandsurroundings”(Rouleauand Balogun,2010,p.955).

             

ln alandmarkstudyinusingandextendingthesense-ma1ローng 丘ameworktotheman-

       

agementoforganizationalchange,JeanHelmsMiUs(2003)lookedattheorganizational

           

changesat NovaScotia Power,alargeelectricalutilitycompanybasedontheeastern

         

shoreofCanada.From l982to2002,NovaScotiaPowerwentthroughavarietyofmajor

             

organizationalchanges,includi・ngtheintroduction of:

aculturalchangeProgram

privatization

downsIZ1ng

businessprocessreenglneerlng

strategicbusinessunits

balancedscorecardaccounting

 

jean HelmsMills(2003)めundthattherewereavarietyofinterpretationswithinthe

organization aboutthesechangeprograms. Drawingonthe workofWeick(2000),she

arguesthatthesedi掻eringsense‐makingactivitiesacrosstheorganization areindicative

oftheimportanceofunderstandingchangeastheaccomplishmentofongoingprocesses

formakingsenseoforganizationalevents,She uses Weicks(2000)eight免aturesofa

sense-makingframeworktoshow howtheyimpactedonunderstandingsoforganizational

changesmthecompany.Shedrawsout丘om each 危aturethej1implications云orchange

managers(seetable9.7).

 

Similarly,inastudyofdownsizinginTelenor,Norwaysmaintelecom organization,Bean and 日amilton(2006)pointtothe wayitscorporateleadersusedsense‐making

to丘amechangestothecompanyintermsofmakingitaninnovative,flexible,learning

organization.Afterthe

 

downslz・ng, while

 

some

 

staffacceptedthe

 

corporate“align-

ment“ 丘ame,others

 

adopted an “alienated”frame, 危eling marginalizedand 免aringfortheirjobsecurity.Theresearcherssuggestthat丘amingofchangeis丘agile,with

employees’interpretationsofsenior managementpronouncementsvarying丘omかの〃e

v可!血筋堰(accepting)to万α〃だ かeαた粥g(chalienging).Thatis,whenthechangeman‐

ageractsas

 

aninterpreter,thereisno guaranteethatthe manager’sinterpretations

willnotbecontested.

  

Asnotedinchapter8onthetopicofresistanceto change,peoplein organizations

canholdverystrongviewsaboutanorganizationincludingwhatit“stands貴)r“andhow

itshouldoperate,andthattheseviews(“mental models“)can makepeopleresistantto

changethattheyseeasinconsistentwiththeseviews.Aねotherwayofexpressingthissame

pointisthatpeopleinorganizationscanbedisinclinedto acceptthechange manager’s

ChaPter9

 

orgIqmzα”α7De・’e加野me′7rの7dse′7s凡堪αね′!g自愛Prod所es

 

303

            

  

                   

h=

                  

  

                   

hH

  

  

    

   

                 

′、C▼

   

  

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

 

  

   

  

 

  

            

h=

 

 

ld

 

 

  

  

    

meh

 

 

    

 

 

  

 

 

a 

 

 

   

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

  

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

  

  

   

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

   

    

  

 

 

  

 

   

 

   

    

  

SFF

 

    

pーehavetomak

notjustasindMd

lsisconnectedt

emSuchassuptradeunlons.

 

toavarl

SUpenれSors,

changea

lreSpons

304

 

ChaPter9

 

0増mdz口方o′7Del’eお卵’だ′7rの可Se′7se霊蛋q膚′増月PPFDoc方釧

constructionofevents(i,e,,hisorherinterpretation).Asnotedinchapter7on change

communicationstrategies,thecommunicated messageisnotnecessarilythe messageas

understoodbythereceiver.ln regardtotheconstruction ofeventsasprovidedbythe

change manager,itisnotjustthatthere maybesome misunderstanding ofthe“story”

themanagerisseekゴ鴎gtocommunicate-thestory maybeWellandtrulyunderstood-but

itmaynotbeacceptedas“the 魚ctsofthesituation,“

 

Thesense‐makingapproach alertschange managerstothedi爺erent魚cetsthatinflu-

enceinterpretationsofevents,Atthesametime,itisclearthattheseinfluencesareo貴en

deeplyembeddedandlesstangiblethan aC1earsetofstepsthatcanbeFollowed,From

thisperspective,managersofchangeneedtobewhatBO1manandDeal(2017)describe

asmoreartisticthanrational,interpretingexperienceandexpressingitin危rmsthatcan

be免lt,understood,andappreciatedbyothers,

 

Change

 

managers

 

who

 

are

 

com危rtable withthese

 

concepts arelikelyto

 

findthe

sense‐making 丘ameworkofassistancetotheminexP1oringthe”tangledunderbrush”of

organizationalchange(BoimanandDeal,2017).Atthesametime,theyneedtobemind‐fuloforganizationallimitations

 

ontheirsense-ma]口Lngabi口ties,Thispointis 窟ladebyBalogunandjohnson(2004,p.545)intheirstudyofsense-maklngby middle managers

whenthey“questiontheextenttowhichleaderscan managethedevelopmentofchange

recipients’schemata,particularlyinthelarger,geographicallydispersed,modularizedorga‐

nizationsweare 血creasinglyseeing.’’

Metropolitan(apseudonym)policedepartmentbe‐

gan

 

 

change

 

processthatinvo1ved

 

an

 

organiza-

tionalrestructuringinwhichanincreasedshareof

resourceswasa-locatedtopro‐activePolicing(in-

temgencegathering)andtoa modeoforganーz-ng

thatprioritized

 

havingthecapacitytorapidlyde-

ploy

 

police when

 

and

 

where

 

they were

 

needed.The

 

change

 

managers’narrative

 

emphasized

 

the

importance

 

of

 

the

 

need

 

to

 

makethese

 

specific

changessothatthepolicecouldbemore”fーexible“

and

 

byso

 

doing

 

deal

 

more

 

effectively with

 

orga-

nized

 

crime,which wasdemonstrating

 

acapacitytospeedilyform and/ordisbandcriminalteamsto

meetcurrentneeds,

  

1n

 

chapter

 

8, We

 

窟ーade

 

the

 

point

 

that

 

the

 

simple

 

dichotomy“managers

 

lead

change,workersresistchange”wassimplisticanddidnotserveuswellifwewished

to

 

have

 

 

deeper

 

and

 

more

 

useful

 

understanding

 

ofresistance

 

to organizational

change,AsimilarandequallysiIローplisticdichotomyissometimesapP1iedtotherole

Dunfordetal.(2013)

  

However,theframingoftheneedforchangeasa

matterofneeded

 

”flexibility“was

 

notviewedthat

way

 

by

 

many

 

ofthe

 

police

 

because

 

they

 

experi‐

encedthechangeasinvolvingtheregularturnover

insquadmembership.Thesignificanceofthisexpe-

riencewasthatconsistencyandlongevityofsquad

membershipwereseenbymanypo1iceasvitalele-

ments

 

in

 

producing

 

both deep

 

knowledge

 

about

specificareasofcrime(e,9,,armedrobbery)and

deepre1ationsoftrust(betweensquad members),whichtheysawascentraltoeffectivePO1icing,

ChaPter9

 

0増の7鳶α“○〃上)eve/○胆??e旧館7αSの7se虜毎膚′7g月口Prodches

 

305

ofmanagersinregardtosense-makingandsense‐giving,1ntimesofchange,an‐orga-

nization’s managersarecommonlyassumedtobethesense-givers who

 

contribute.-

o賃entoa majorextent-tothesense‐makingbyemployees.However,thecategoryof“manage

 

canapplyto alargeand diversebodyofpeople, manyofwho]m are not

part

 

oftheir

 

organization’s

 

most

 

seniorleadershipteam

 

and notfullyaware

 

ofalldetailsof“what’sgo・ngon.

” Consequently,insomechangesituations,asubsetofan

organization’s managersarelikelytoseethemselvesas moreontherecelv・ngendofchange ぐchangerecipientず)thanpartoftheteam thatisthearchitectofthechange

(seethebox“Brand Corporation: Where You ‘Sit’lnfluences Your SenseMaking,Even あrManagerず).

Brand

 

Corporation,the European

 

division

 

of

 

afast‐movingconsumer9oods(FMCG)multinationa-,announcedthatitwasreorganizinginresponsetodecliningfinancialperformance.Salesandmarket-ingstrategy,whichhaduptothatpointbeendeter-

mined

 

at

 

country

 

leve1, was

 

centralized

 

at

 

theEuropelevel,withotherfunctions(finance,IT,HR)tofo1ーow.

 

Asthe

 

centraーization

 

process

 

continued,mem-bersoftheUK managementteam

 

be9antodefinetheirsituationasonein whichtheyhad,ineffect,become

 

middle

 

managers

 

responsibleforstrategyimplementation,aーesserstatusthantheseniorman-

agerstheyhad

 

been whenthey

 

hadstrategycre-

ationauthority.Theysawtheirnewroーeasonein

whichtheywererarelyconsultedand wereonthe

recelv-ngendofdecisionsthatwerepredominantly

presentedtothemasfaitaccompli.Theseinterpre‐tationsofthesituationwereaccompaniedandrein-forced

 

by

 

 

view

 

thatEuropean

 

managers

 

werelargeーyinvisibーe.

  

This

 

negative

 

interpretation

 

ofthe

 

change

 

ex-

pandedtoincludethebeliefthatlocalandnationaー

knowledgeandpracticeswerebeingdevaluedand

thatthe”people‐basedvalues“theysawthemselves

aspracticingpre-changewerenotheldbythoseat

thecenter.FortheUKmanagementteamthismeant

that,inturn,thechange wasdefinedasproducingan

 

organization

 

in which

 

people were

 

notconsid-

ered

 

to

 

be

 

important,leading

 

to

 

 

disengaged

organization.

Balogunetal.(2015)

  

lnreviewingthesense-ma糧ng 丘amework,itisclearthatitprovideslessasetofpre-

scriptions貴)rmanagersofchangeandmoreasetofunderstandingsabouthowtoproceed.ltacknowledgesthe messinessofchangeandacceptsthatcompetingvoices meanthat

notallintendedoutcomesarelikelytobeachieved. However,criticaltoengagingthese

competingvoicesistheabilitytoshapeandinnuencehowthey makesenseoforganiza-

tionalevents.

 

風though(asnotedearlierinthischapter)OD hasbeensu翰ecttocritiqueasithas

evolved,thisismuchlessthecase貴)rsense-ma]bLng.Forane×ception,seeSandbergand

Tsoukas(2015).

306

 

ChaPter9

 

0増ロ′7′zq〃o″Del’eわの/77g′7『”′7dSの7s抄脳αた′′増月PProdc方釧

“The office”isa

 

Nordicfirmthatbegan

 

achange

processasa

 

resultofan

 

announcedforthcoming

merger.Aspanofthechangeprocess,thetopman-

agementofTheofficeputalotofeffortintoconvinc-

-ng

 

staff

 

that

 

the current

 

organization

 

was

substantia-lyunderperforming

 

duetobeing

 

over1y

bureaucraticandasaresultfailingtobetheinnoVa-

tive

 

organization

 

that

 

itwasintended

 

to

 

be,The

strategyofThe office was

 

presented

 

bytop

 

man-

agementtostaffasoutdatedandinappropriate,

 

Thediscrediting

 

ofthecurrentarrangements

 

at

Theo作ice-asdescribedabove--providedthebasis

fo「

 

”sense‐breaking,”

 

”Sense‐giving“ occurred

throughtop managementframingthe mergerasa

Wayinwhichthesta什ofThe0fficewouldbecome

partofanewandmuchhigherperformingentity,ca-

pableofoperatin9withaquality,flexibilityandlevel

ofcustomerservicethatTheofficecouldnotdeliver

ihitspresentform,Thissense‐91vlngsucceeded,and

thestaffofTheofficebou9htintothemessage.

1, Change managersshouldtrytoprovidea

 

cーear

 

narrativethatarticulatesthewhat,why,andhow

 

ofaproposedchange,

2. Humans

 

are

 

creatures

 

who

 

abhor

 

 

”mean-ng

 

vacuum”;intheabsenceofcーearcommunication,

 

theywil-drawconclusions,i.e,,attributemeaning

 

tofillthevoid,Thisissomethingthatanorganiza‐

 

tionshouldtrytoavoidatatimeofchangeasall

 

sorts

 

of

 

misconstructions

 

mighttake

 

hold

 

and

  

makechangemoredifficulttoachieve.

3,There

 

is

 

no

 

guaranteethatchange

 

managers’

  

attempts

 

atsense‐91vlng

 

will

 

besuccessful

 

as

 

organizationa-membersliveinaworldofmu1ti-

  

plenarrativesand,regardlessofauthoritystruc‐

 

tures,the

 

interpretationbeing

 

presented

 

bya

 

change

 

manager

 

need

 

not have

 

greater

Managers(incーudingthose-nachange man‐

agementrole)inanor9anizationare“interpret‐

ers“

 

whetherthey

 

like

 

it

 

or

 

not.They

 

cannot

choosetooptoutofhavingthisrole,Theironly

choice

 

is

 

how

 

consciously

 

orexplicitly

 

they

playthisrole,Managers’actionshavesymbo1ic

meaningandwillbeinterpreted(byotherorga‐

nizationalmembers)inthisway,lnthisregard

seeExercise9,4.

credibilitythan

 

other

 

narratives.For

 

example,someorganizationsarecharacterizedbyavery

strong

 

sense

 

of

 

identity,which can

 

give

 

the”whatwestandfor,how wedothings,whatwe

value,“

 

an

 

almost

 

moral

 

qualitythatcan

 

make

organizational members

 

very

 

disinclihed

 

to“switchnarratives.

  

Unfortunately,complicationsthenarose

 

inthe

inter‐organizational

 

negotiations,andthe

 

merger

wasabruptlycancelledlessthanaweekbeforethe

plannedmergerdate.Theoffice’stopmanagement

presentedthefai-edmergerasagoodoutcomeand

announcedthe

 

reintroduction

 

ofastrategyalmost

identicaltotheonetheyhad

 

beenfol1owingfor

loyears.Thereactionfrom Theofficestaffwas“a

sullenlackofenthusiasm“(Mantereetal.,2012,p.186),evenasenseofbetrayal.

  

Thetopmanagementhaddonesucha9oodiob

ofsense‐breaking

 

and

 

sense-giving

 

thatthe

 

pre-

mergerversionofTheofficehadbeenreframedby

staffasnolongerappropriateoracceptable,andthis

interpretation wasnotchangedjustbecausethe

mergerhadnotproceeded.

BasedonMantereetal,(2012).

ChaPter9

 

0増α′”zq方○′7上)g1’e/○P′77e′2『α′?dSe′7se-八仏α葱′?g自愛Prodじ/7es

 

307

EXERCISE

   

Thisexercise

 

requires youto

 

interview two

 

organization Developmentpractitioners

9l

        

abouthowtheygoaboutdoing・theirwork.Compareandcontrastthemintermsofthe

只理フorな方り削

 

fo=owingissues:

豹e月mm

   

・ theirbackground

乙粥e

      

・ valuestheyespouse

翻麗覆璽

   

‐ stepstheysaytheyuseinapproachingaconsu-tingassignment

           

 

tensionstheyidentifyin workin9asanODpractitioner

           

 

theirperceptionsofthewaytheODfieldhaschangedandlike-ychangesintothefuture

          

VVhatgeneralcondusionsdoyoudraw aboutthepracticeofOD?

EXERCIS

91

EXERCISE

   

Chooseacurrentissueinyourlocaーneighborhood.Thisexercisegetsyoutofigureout

9.2

        

howyouwoulddesignalarge‐scaーechangeinterventionprograminrelationtothisissue.

Des客川“gq

  

Giveconsiderationtothefo”owingissues:

Lα増eβcde

  

 

How manypeople wouーditmakesensetoinvolve?

Czzαねge

    

‐ Whereand when wouldyouholdit?

五“zerye“zめ“

  

 

How wouldyouensurethatyouhavearepresentativecrosssampーeofrelevantpeople

             

intheroom atthesametime?VVhatdatasourceswouldyouneedtoachievethis?

欄圏麹剛

   

・ Whoarethekeydecision makersinrelationtothisissue? Whatarguments Wilーyou

             

usetogetthemtoattendthe meeting?

           

 

How willyoustructuretheagendaofthe meeting?VVhatwould

 

bethebestWayof

              

doingthissothatpeople whoattendonthatdayhaveappropriatebuy-intoit?

 

 

How wouーdyouruntheactualmeeting?

 

 

軌′hattechnology wou-dyouneedto makeitworkwell?

308 Chapter9 0増口′7izm/o′7DのぞめP′77g′7rq′7dsの7se-崩必”た′′?gゑPProロメ7es

EXERCISE

   

語「getin2019 wasoneofthelolargestretaiーersintheUnitedStates(Walmaltwasno.1),9.4

        

butithashadtodealwithsomedifficulttimes.lnthedecadeto2014,Targersearn-ngs

上ねだりだす!“g

  

droppedfrom $3,2bi=ionto$1,5bi=ion withnetincomeasapercentageofsalessim‐

豹e

       

ilar-ydroppingfrom 4‐6 percentto 2 percentduringthisperiod.These were keye1

           

mentsofthecontextinto which

 

Brian Cornellarrivedin August2014asTarget’snew

万2Zemrerer-

   

CEO.Someoftheactionshethentookincluded:          

CZzqngeの 1. He madeanimpromptuandincognitovisittoaTargetstorein DaHastotalktocus-

tomers.Notrecognizedbystoreemployeesorcustomers,hesoughtcandidopinions

from shoppers.Thisactionbythe CE0 wasasurprisetoTargetexecutivesbecause

itwasasignificantdeparturefrom pastpractice,Priorto Cornell’sarrival,storevisits

had

 

occurred-supposedly

 

as

 

intelligence-gathering

 

exercises--butthey

 

had

 

been”meticu-ouslyplannedaffairs,onlylessforma-than,say,apresidentialvisit“Withthe

store managersnotifiedinadvanceand“the‘regularshoppers’handpickedandvet‐

ted“(Wahba,2015,p.86).

2, WhenhefirstarrivedatTargersheadquarters(in Minneapolis),Cornellwasallocated

 

thenewlyrefurbishedcE○’ssuite,butheinsistedon movingtoasmallerofficeclose

 

toTarget’sglobaldata

 

nervecenter.Thelostaffmembersinthiscentermonitored

  

livefeedsfrom

 

socia1 media--includin9

 

Pinterest,Facebook,and

 

Twitter--andfrom

 

TV stationsto

 

-ocate

 

stories

 

and

 

information

 

on

 

product

 

launches,customer

 

com‐

  

ments,etc.Thenervecenterstaffwatchedsocial

 

mediaonlargescreensandused

  

softwaretoaggregatedataforlateranalysis.

3,VVith

 

the

 

intention

 

of

 

putting

 

pressure

 

on

 

Amazon

 

and

 

VValmart,Corne= changed

  

Target’spolicytooneofferingfreeshippingforonlineordersduringtheholidays,a

 

”decisionthatwas

 

made

 

in

 

 

matterofdays

 

ratherthanthe

 

months

 

itwould

 

have

 

takeninthepasで(Wahba,2015,p.88).

4.ltwasnotunusua-forCornelltoaskco=eaguesabouttheir”work-life”balanceand

 

especial-ytheirworkout

 

habits.He

 

encouraged

 

colleaguestotaketimeforfitness

 

activitiesand wasn’t“thetypewhoexaltsthe machismoofoutlandishhours”(Wahba,

 

2015,p,88),

5. Corne=

 

relaxedthe company’sdresscodeand

 

ate

 

inthecompanycafe where

 

he

  

mixed withstaff.

6. He movedthecompany’srecruitmentpolicytochangethesituationfrom one where

 

Targetwas‘‘longpopulatedbylifers”toone making moreeffortto”recruitoutsiders

 

withfreshideaぎ(Wahba,2015,p,94).

Considerthe

 

proposition

 

that

 

managers’actions

 

have symbolic

 

meaning

 

and

 

wi=

 

be

       

interpreted(byotherorganizationalmembers)inthisway:

           

1, VVhat

 

do

 

you

 

see

 

as

 

the

 

symbolism

 

associated

 

with Target

 

CEO

 

Brian

 

Corne=’s

           

actions?

           

2.lfyouhadbeenaTargetemployee,whatmightyouhaveconcludedaboutthenature

               

ofthechangehappeninginTarget?

         

Cose Source

               

Wahba(2015),

n“ゴのむ【の「の

 

○-噂口、二NQニヘミー.[Y隻雨、0【ミミ飛さ、ぬき丸鱗飛さ漆』ロキ、三崎心bb、oon飛”

 

WOの

310

 

ChaPter9

 

0′8口′7′zq“o′7Del’e/oP′77e′7rq′7dSe′7se-崩劣qk′′7g自愛iprodc方es

   

   

                  

 

  

.m

 

 

 

                                        

Pr

 

 

バー

         

gavethem a

 

languagein whichtointroducechangeforimprovement,Similarly,illumi-

          

nationofthelocalmeaningofeffectivesupervision,highperformance,and whatconsti-

         

tutedagooddayatworkgavethose withleadershiprolesconstructsto work withfor

         

makingimprovementsandthelanguageforintroducingchange.

 

Managers,and

 

particularlyfirst‐linesupervisors,wereaskedtousethis

 

new under-

standinggainedfromthefindingsofthestudy.Theirnew understandingcouldbeused

tointerpretthelocaーmeaningofeffectiveworktocapitalizeonstrengthstoexpandand

developexistinggoodpracticesinordertoswampproblems,thatis,torenderproblems

lesstroubーesomeevenifunsolved,

 

Thefindingsofthestudyalsocouldbeusedasthebasisforexperiments.Membersof

theso‐calledLeadershipCore下eam wereinstructedtointroducechangeasanexperiment--

something

 

to

 

be

 

tried

 

and

 

watched

 

closely,and

 

after

 

a designated

 

time,if

 

it

 

is

 

not

workingashoped,itcanbestopped.Framingchangesasexperimentsrequiresthinking

throughwhatisexpectedandhowandwhento measuretheresults.Andbyinterpreting

           

the

 

possible

 

results

 

beforethey happen,all

 

outcomescan

 

be

 

positive,Even

 

ifthings

           

don’tgoashoped,whatdoeshappencanyieldlearning.AI1experimentsaresuccesses

             

atone-eveloranother.

             

Tom embracedtheframing ofchangeasexper-ment,anditwasprobablyhis most

           

b.A

 

reciativeln

 

uir

ChaPte「9

 

0増の7!zmわ〃D印可oP′77の7rq′7dSの?se-ルメロ膚′7g月口Prod欲es

 

311

   

Additional

 

Reading

Bunker,B.B.,andA1ban,B.T,2006.“?e 脚′?〆bのた け加増egrozの“筋力αお Crmr!〃g

sy財の打た 豹α万ge!“◇rgo打迄の!α7sα′?〆 の′mm‘“ZZだs.San Francisco,CA:J‐ossey‐Bass.Provides

detai1son methodsusedinlargegroupinterVentionsand multiplecasesstudiesillustrat-

ingthesuccessfuluseoflargegroup methodsinarangeofindustriesandcountries.

Bushe,G,R,,and Marshak,R.1(eds.),2015,D彰/ogco増加Zmz!o“Delだ/opme′7た “le物eoiγα〃〆″mmceげ『m〃駅α′??”『!om/c加増e.oakland:CA,Berrett-Koehler.Acompre‐hensiveintroductiontotheeVolvingfieldofDialogicODfromtheoriginatorsofthisapproachto managingorganizationalchange.

Cooperrider,D.L., Whitney,D.,andStavros,i.M.2008.劣Zzeゑ愛野だα煽れ’el“q”!′γ乃α“

booた めr/mαの ザc毎〃解.2nded.San Francisco,CA:Berrett‐Koehler.A detailedguidetotheapplicationofA1,mcludmgrationaleande×amples,from originatorsoftheconcept.

Cummings,T.G‐.,and駅煮orley,C.G.2019.0増α′2迄のわ〃Deve/op′“e′7『α〃〆c角α′7ge.1lthed.Stab〔lford,CT:CengageLearnimg.Acomprehens~eandclassicteぬbookon DiaきりlosticOD.

Kragヒ,A.,Sparr,J.L,,andpeus,C,2018,Givingand ma頴ngsenseaboutchange:Thebackand めrthbetweenleadersandemployees.おげ〃頒qfβ婚姻ess路γc加わ鰯33二71‐87.Providesa 丘alエーeworkthatidentifiesemP1oyeesense-ma]bLngneedsatdifiョerentpointsintheorganizationalchangeprocessandtheassociatedleadersense‐glv・ngactivities.

Quinn,R.E.,andCameron,K.S.2019.PositiveorganizationaIScholarshipandagents

ofchange.Rおseqrc方!“ ○増αmz傭わ″α/CI物α“geq“〆上)eveお廃れe′7Z27:31‐7.Focusesontheroleofthechangeagentfrom aPositive 0rganizationaIScholarshipperspective.

Roundup

Doyoumodelthechan9ebehavioryoudesire?

VVhose

 

interests

 

do

 

you serve

 

when

youengageinchange?

ls

 

your

 

approach

 

value‐laden

 

or

 

val-

ue-neutra-?

 

-fvalue‐laden,canyou

 

ar-

ticu-atewhatthesevaluesare?Areyou

comfortabーewiththem?

VVhatdoyoumeanwhenyoutalkabout

achangebeingsuccessful?VVhatcrite-

riadoyouuse?Dotheyreiatetoorgani-

zationaー

 

performance?

 

How

 

can

 

youdeterminethis?

Arethereotherpeople,inside

 

orout-

sideyourorganization,whohavediffer-ing

 

perspectives

 

on

 

such

 

questions?

VVhat

 

wouーd

 

you

 

say

 

arethe

 

criteria

they

 

L1seto

 

evaーuatechange?

 

ーsyour

organizationopentohavingconversa-

tionsaroundthisissue?

lfyou

 

manage

 

across

 

differentcoun-

tries,to

 

what

 

extent

 

have

 

you

 

ob‐

served

 

the

 

necessity for

 

different

ways

 

of

 

engaging

 

in organizational

changeinthosecountries?VVhyisthis

thecase?

Canyou

 

identifydifferentsense-mak-ingactivitiesgoingonduringorgan-za-

tionalchange?VVhatabilitydoyouhave

to

 

influence

 

these?

 

Do

 

you exercise

powerinyourattemptstoinfluencetheinterpretations

 

others

 

have

 

ofchange

situations?

 

VVith

 

whatsuccess?

 

VVhat

a「etheimplicationsofthis?

312

 

ChaPter9

 

0増の7皮α〃α7‘)eye/○卵77e′7『q′7dSe′78g‐肋函た′′7g月PPmqc/?es

         

HereisashortsummaryofthekeyPointsthatwewouldlikeyoutotake丘omthischaPter

            

inrelationtoeachofthelearningoutcomes:

国璽園 4P卿・edのe“?”・edmのノ殆どo増の7Zz研か7αc乃の7geの野oq所踏 切?彼の方刀7′′7g『庇coqc方 伽〆

!〃Zem′セZe“′?7αges げ〃m′7αg“?gc加′?ge.VVhiletwoofthechangeimages-cqrerq化erand′mr九げび一Presentchange managersas

rece1V1ngratherthaninitiatingChange,theotherFourimages-〆かecrの)coqcね′?のノをのO′;

and/′7rerpだだメーpresentthechangemanagerashavinganactive,asoPPosedtoreactive,

roleinhowchangeoccursinorganizations.Theimageofthechangemanagerasmα疏

isparticularlystrongintheaPProachtochangethathasdevelopedwithwhatisknown

asorganizationDevelopment(OD)anditsderivatives,includingAPPreciativelnquiry

(紅),changeasviewed 丘om withintheperspectiveofPositive organizationalscho1一

arship(POS),and Dialogic oD.Thecoachlinkisthateach ofthese apProaches

involvesencouragingawillingnesstochangeandthedevelopingofchangecaPabilities

inPeoP1e,ratherthansee]bLngtobringaboutchangebytop‐downedict,Theimageof

thechange manageras 粥だの岩ezerlinkscloselyto asense-ma]績ngView oftheroleof

thechange manager

坊7庇富加′7dz庇 0増加!z研か7Del尼定期77e′7『rODJ郷コ野川α飲 め 叱伽解.UnderPinnedbythe のqcAimage,the organization Development(。D)apProachis

onewhereitsadherentsPresenttheirdevelopmentalprescriptionsForachievingchange

asbeingbased,atleasttraditionally,uPonacoresetofvalues:valuesthatemPhasize

thatchangeshouldbenefitnotjustorganizationsbutthePeoP1e whosta甘them,

βeqnノαだ げexrem′o′7sげZ庇 OD の夢roα所 s.”cヵαs4PPだαのかe力川“/′)ぅPOSカハぞ o増研か

z傭わ′7〆S所o超な占め,の可 D!”わ部COD,lnchaPter2,wesuggestedthatthecoachimageisa metaPhor食)rthin麺Lngabouttheorganization DeveloPmentapproach, OD Practitionerscoach organizations

 

andthe

peopleinthemtowardintentionaloutcomes.Theseoutcomesareshapedbyasetof

valuesthatemPhasizehumanistic,democratic,anddevelopmentalaspirations,1nrecent

times,thesevalueshavebeenplacedunderthemicroscopeintermsoftheiruniversal

apP1icability,inParticularregardingtheiraPplicabilityinanenvironmentthataPPears

to demandradical,notdevelopmentalchange-an

 

era wherethe bottom linerather

than democraticvaluesaPpearsto haveahigherPriorityforengaginginchange.

ofcourse,theredoesnotnecessarilyhavetobeadichotomouschoicebetweena免cus

on Peopleand a 危cusonthebottom line;one mayleadtotheother. Nevertheless,

adherentstotheOD approach havehadtoreassesshowtheirapProachto managing

changecanbeadaptedtothechangingtimes,

 

ChaPter

 

lowiuPickupthisthemeinmoredetail;su甘iceittosaythatWee×Pect

thattheoD aPProachis1ikelytoremainastrongcontender云or managingchangein

thefuture,However,itisalsolikelythatitwillloseitsdistinctive,traditionalcharacter

asitismoldedin di鎖erent ways.Somechanges moveoD moreinthe directionof

deliveringtangible,measurableoutPuts,whileotherssuchasPOSexplicitlyassertthe

imPortanceoforganizationalinterventionsthatimProvethe‘‘humancondition”inways

thatarenotreducibleto“traditionallyPursuedorganizationaloutcomes“suchasProf

itability(Cameronand MCNaughtan,2014),ThisevolutionofoDhasledsomecom‐

mentatorstosuggestthatthereneedstobegreaterrecognitionthatoDisnow not

園霞圏

樹霞圃圃

                                              

ChaPter9

 

6ケgdmz僻め′7上杉ve/○卵77e′7rq′7dSe理解黍〆”膚′7g月口Proqc/だs

 

313

                   

oneapproachbutapluralityofapproaches.lfso,thengreaterclaritywillbeneeded

                

inhow ODistalkedabout,including whetherclassicornewerversionsofOD-such

                

asDialogic OD-arebeingre定rredto whenthetermisbeingused.

1国璽圏 坊可e都殻“〆功esem mαた粥gq刀Proαcた わ 豹α″ge.lnchapter2,wedepictedthesense-makingapproachtoorganizationalchangeasdraw-

inguponanimageofthechange managerasZ〃彫塑reだzlnthischapter,wehavebeen

abletodelvedeeperintothedi観erentelementsofthisimage,ASHelmsMills’(2003)studyofNovaScotia Powershowed,thereareanumberofdi鎖erentlevelson whichthechange manageras/′?定めだ『eroperates,each ofwhich requiresattention, Atthesametime,thisapproachdoesnotimplythatmasteringeachoftheselevelswillalways

enableintended outcomestobeachieved. Widerfbrces,bothinsideandoutsidethe

organization,wi且ensurethattherewillalwaysbecompeting危rces→vying危raprivileged

placeinprovidingfbrorganizationalmembersaninterpretation of“what’sgo・ng onhere”aswellas“whatneedstogoonhere.

”Theinterpreterimagethere危repointsout

tochangeagentstheneedtohavearealisticviewofwhatcanbeachievedinundergoing

organizational

 

change. Aュthough

 

managers

 

of

 

change

 

may

 

find

 

the

 

sense‐making

approachtobemoredifficultgiventhatitislesstangibleintermsof“whatneedsto

bedone,”itisalsolikelytogiveothermanagerscom危rtinrea茸irmingtheirexperlence

ofthemessinessofchangeandidentificationofnew waysofapproachingit.

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