Literature ReviewAustin Porter, DrPH, MPH
Notes for Literature Review and Beyond…
• Do not be afraid to cite more than 1 manuscript for 1 sentence• Studies have found that malpractice can kill people (Mann, Kane, Dai, &
Jacobson, 2014; Porter, Wyrick, Bowman, Recicar, & Maxson, 2014; Shackford, 1987).
• Many studies show…• I expect to see “many studies cited”
• Refrain from using personal pronouns • “they” “she” “he”
Notes for Literature Review and Beyond…
• Refrain from using personal experiences• Cite EVERYTHING…including common knowledge
• Subtopics• More than 1 study listed and discussed
• Adopt revisions that were proposed
Literature Review
• 2-3 sentences discussion study aim
• 1-2 sentences on methods
• 1-3 sentences on what they found (results)
• 2-4 sentences on how findings are related to research question(s)
Example 1
• Researchers have sought to establish whether thimerosal, a preservative in vaccinations, is associated with the development of neurological disorders such as autism, ADHD, and language/speech delay (Hviid, Stellfeld, Wohlfahrt, & Melbye, 2003). Hviid, et. al., conducted a 16-year population based prospective study to compare the development of autism of children who were vaccinated with a thimerosal-containing vaccine and those who were vaccinated with a thimerosal-free vaccine (Hviid et al., 2003). Researchers were able to collect more than 2.9M person-years of data of children born in Denmark from January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1996 (Hviid et al., 2003). During the study time period, 1,227 cases of autism or autism-spectrum disorders were identified (Hviid et al., 2003). There was no significant differences in the development of autism among children who were vaccinated with a vaccine containing thimerosal when compared to those were vaccinated in the thimerosal-free vaccine (RR 0.85) (Hviid et al., 2003). The results of this study do not support a relationship between thimerosal and autism.
• Hviid, A., Stellfeld, M., Wohlfahrt, J., & Melbye, M. (2003). Association Between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism. JAMA, 290(13), 1763–1766. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.13.1763
Example 2
• Researchers have come to realize the importance and impact of neighborhood food environments can have in regards to obesity rates. Rundle et. al., conducted a study where measures of food environments and the walkability of an area in New York City (NYC) were analyzed (Rundle et al., 2009). More than 13,000 NYC residents with a BMI <70 were geocoded by resident addresses and researchers were able to determine areas of walk-ability that was defined as a 0.5 mileradius (Rundle et al., 2009). The researchers then determined the food environment of the study population from data that were purchased from Dun and Bradstreet (Rundle et al., 2009). This information allowed the researchers to group local food providers into categories that were defined as “BMI-healthy food”, “BMI-unhealthy food”, or “uncertain” (Rundle et al., 2009). The results of this study showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity were lower among people who lived within a high density of healthy food providers (Rundle et al., 2009). This study indicate that the local food environment has a significant impact on BMI (Rundle et al., 2009).
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