BUIE HARWOODBRIDGET MAYCURT SHERMAN
An Integrated History to the Present
Chapter 27
Directoire, French Empire
1789 – 1815
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
J. LATE NEOCLASSICAL
Begins in France, c. 1790, simpler image inspired more by ancient Greece than ancient Rome
Result of scholarship & archaeology
Designers strive for archaeological correctness
- Copy or adapt ancient elements in architecture, interiors & furnishings
Neoclassicism aligns with new, more democratic forms of government
- Favored for government buildings
New inventions & mass production bring changes in architecture, interiors, and furnishing during the period
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
Directoire, French Empire
Neoclassicism dominates period
- Evolves & responds to political & social developments
Interiors & furniture, more than architecture, display styles
Simple, plain Directoire evolves into heavier, more majestic Empire
Architect-designers, Charles Percier & Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, create Empire
- Dictated by Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France
Empire glorifies Emperor Napoleon I
- Creates heroic vision though grandeur, military images, & Roman Imperial motifs.
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
CONCEPTS
Neoclassicism dominates architecture
Three styles define interiors & furnishings
- All Neoclassical & reflect climates of their day
Directoire (1789-1799) links Louis XVI & Empire
- Plainer, more Grecian, & closer imitation of classical antiquity
Consulate (1799-1804) introduces Imperial Roman & Egyptian influences
- Reflects Napoleon’s military conquests & early reign
- More formal, monumental, increased ornament
Empire (1904-1815) glorifies Napoleon I & his empire
- Heroic image for emperor who earned right to rule
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
MOTIFS
Classical motifs common through 1815
- Classical figures, acanthus leaf, swag, rinceau, rosette, anthemion, arabesque, vase, lyre
Directoire: lozenges, rosettes, spirals
- Symbols of Revolution: oak leaf, clasped hands
Consulate & Empire:
- Roman motifs: animal legs, swans caryatids, monopodia
- Military symbols: stars, spears, swords, helmets
- Egyptian motifs after 1799: sphinxes, obelisks
- Napoleonic symbols: honeybee, laurel wreath, N
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-1. Détails et adjustements tirès de L’Atélier de Peinture du C. I., c. 1827; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
ARCHITECTURE
Most building activity after 1790s
- Mainly renovations of residences & government buildings
Designers & architects study, measure, draw, & publish information about ancient structures
- Subsequently become models for new buildings
Architectural theory emphasizes form and structure over ornament, and education centers on ancient models
Bold, stylistically unadventurous
- Grecian plainness & geometric forms dominate
- Some Roman or Egyptian attributes & motifs
Napoleon’s personal commissions for restorations & enlarging palaces and other residences
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-2. Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile, c. 1808–1836; Paris, France; J.-F.-T. Chalgrin. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-4. La Madeleine and floor plan; 1804-1849; Paris, France; Pierre Vignon and interiors by J.-J.-M. Huvé. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-5. Rue de Rivoli, 1802–1855; Paris, France; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine. French Empire
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
INTERIORS
Classical attributes & motifs from Greece, Rome, & Egypt
Evolve from light & delicate to majestic & pompous
- Pompeiian-style wall decorations common in all
Directoire: continues scale & treatments of last years of Louis XVI
- More simplicity, muted colors, more delicate decoration, & additional antique details.
Empire: masculine, formal, & richly detailed
- Classical decorations, rich colors, & large, formal furniture arranged around the walls
Percier & Fontaine create Empire
- Design all elements in a room for unity
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-6. La Salle du Trone á Napoleon (throne room of Napoleon), Palais de Fontainebleau, c.1800; Fontainebleau, France. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-7. Salle de Conseil (Council Chamber), Château de la Malmaison, c.1800; near Paris, France; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-7. Cabinet de travail-bibliothéque (library), Château de la Malmaison, near Paris, France. Library published in Recueil de décorations intérieures, 1812, 1827. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
26-9. Lit éxécuté à Paris, c. 1827; Paris, France; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Leonard Fontaine; published in Recueil de décorations intérieures, 1812, 1827. French Empire.
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-9. Wallpaper: Panel from “Psyche and Cupid,” 1814; France; Dufour. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-10. Window Treatments: Wallpaper showing drapery treatment and actual draperies, c. 1815–1820s. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-11. Textiles: Upholstery with period motifs; France. French Empire.
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-12. Lighting: Candelabra, hanging lamp, and guéridon, c. early 1800s. French Empire
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
FURNISHINGS & DECORATIVE ARTS
Classical attributes, forms, & motifs
- Inspired by Pompeii, ancient vase paintings, & stucco reliefs
- Copy & adapt ancient Greek & Roman furniture
Directoire: slender proportions, greater severity, angularity
- Rolled-over backs, saber legs
Consulate: heavier in scale, more gilding & ornament
- Egyptian motifs & characteristics of Empire
Empire: classical & architectonic
- Masculine, stiff, & majestic & design supersedes comfort
- Blocky, sharp corners, little applied ornament
Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-13. Fauteuil, c. 1800, Paris, France; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Leonard Fontaine; published in Recueil de décorations intérieures, 1812, 1827. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-14. Bergère with swans, c. early 1800s; France. French Empire
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-15. Fauteuils, tabourets, candelabra, côté du tabouret, petit pendule, and table, c. 1800; Paris area, France; by Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine; published in Recueil de décorations intérieures, 1812, 1827. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-16. Canapé, c. 1790s–1810s; France. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-17. Round table with pedestal base and animal legs, c. early 1800s; France. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-19. Commode with ormolu decoration, c. 1800-1820s; France.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-20. Lit, Chambre a Coucher de l’Impératrice (Josephine’s bedroom), Château de la Malmaison, c. 1800; Paris, France; Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine. French Empire.
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Chapter 27: Directoire, French Empire 27.*
©2011 Pearson EducationUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the PresentBuie Harwood, Bridget May, and Curt Sherman
27-21. Lit en acajou garni de cuivres dorés (bed in mahogany with gilded bronze appliqués), c. early 1800s; France. French Empire.
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