APA Reference Guide:
The reference page: The big four
There are four fundamental pieces of information to include in a reference citation:
1. Author: Who created the source? This can be one author, a group of authors, or an
organization. Click on the next page for examples of how to address different numbers
and types of authors.
2. Date: When was the source published? This is the publication date of your source. If you
are unable to locate a date of publication, you can use the abbreviation “n.d.” for no date.
3. Title: What is the name of the source material? This is a title of the webpage, article,
image, etc. For a journal article, you should include both the title of the specific article
and the title of the journal (along with the accompanying volume, issue, and page
numbers).
4. Location: Where did you access the source? For an electronic resource, this is often the
URL where the information is located or a DOI number. For a source you actually have
in hand, this represents the publication information.
The following is a generic example:
Author. (Date). Title of the source. Access location or publication information
In-text citations
In-text citations follow a specific format. Remember that the author’s last name and year of
publication are always next to each other in a citation.
Citing a paraphrase or summary
When citing a paraphrase* or summary*, include the author’s last name and publication
year.
For example:
APA is a wonderful formatting tool for students (Gordon, 2018).
Provide the publication year after the author’s name when the name is in the sentence.
For example:
Gordon (2018) argues that APA is a wonderful formatting tool for students.
Citing a quotation of 39 words or fewer
When citing a quotation* of 39 words or fewer, include the author’s last name, year of
publication, and page number of the quotation. When there is no page number, use
the paragraph number and write the citation using “para.” instead of the numeric page number.
For example:
According to one researcher, “Consistent use of APA Style helps students create well-written
research papers” (Gordon, 2018, p. 3).
Note: The highlighted text at the beginning of the sentence uses a signal phrase. Signal Phrases
can help you integrate paraphrases and quotations into your sentences. Click on this sentence for
more information on signal phrases.
When the author’s name and date of publication are in the sentence, use the page number of the
quotation.
For example:
Gordon (2018) explained that a “consistent use of APA Style helps students create well-written
research papers” (p.3).
Citing a quotation of 40 or more words
When citing a quotation of 40 or more words, use a block quotation. Block quotations do not use
quotation marks and are indented one-half inch from the left margin to create a block of text.
You still need to provide the citation information as shown below; however, the period comes
before the end citation.
Dr. Gordon (2018) emphasized the importance of good citation practices:
Ideally, students would have the time to study the APA Style Manual. However, we know this is
not practical or realistic. Having access to the manual or resources that support APA style is
really all that is needed for students to gain confidence in their understanding and application of
APA. (p. 17)
Books
Editor or Author:
Sometimes sources have editors. Whether you’re using a source collected by an editor, or
whether you’re using an article or chapter in an edited book, you will need to list the editor in
your references list.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible to anyone with the URL. Use
“Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Edited book
Here is an example of a reference entry for an edited book:
Bagchi, D. (Ed.) (2011). Global perspectives on childhood obesity: Current status, consequences,
and prevention. Available
from https://wgu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=nlebk&AN=345026&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover
Here is an example of a correlating in-text citation for a quotation from this reference entry:
“Pediatric obesity has rapidly become one of the leading international public health challenges”
(Bagchi, 2011, p. 3).
Chapter from an edited book
For example, here is an example of a reference entry for a chapter from an edited book:
Kersh, R., & Elbel, B. (2011). Childhood obesity: Public health impact and policy responses. In D.
Bagchi (Ed.), Global perspectives on childhood obesity: Current status, consequences, and
prevention (pp. 281-288). Available
from https://wgu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=nlebk&AN=345026&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_281
Here is an example of a correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from this reference entry:
Kersh and Elbel (2011) argue that even though public policy is the most effective way to reduce
childhood obesity, the U.S. has few such policies.
Books
Title:
Titles of books, whether in print or online, are italicized.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible by anyone with the URL. Use
“Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Book–first edition
For example:
Offit, P. A., & Moser, C. A. (2011). Vaccines and your child: Separating fact from
fiction. Available
from http://wgu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=
nlebk&AN=707113&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EK&ppid=Page-__-1
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Offit and Moser (2011) address the benefits over the risks of vaccinations.
Book–other than first edition
Offit, P. A., & Bell, L. M. (2009). Vaccines: What you should know (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: J.W.
Wiley & Sons.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
“Vaccines have prevented more disease and death than any other preventive program in history
(with the possible exception of the purification of drinking water)” (Offit & Bell, 2009, p. 4).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Books
Date:
Books only require the year of publication.
Book with an individual author
Borbye, L. (2011). Sustainable innovation: A guide to harvesting the untapped riches of opposition,
unlikely combinations, and a Plan
B. https://doi.org/10.2200/S00359ED1V01Y201105TME003
Note: Books, like journal articles, may have a DOI. Use the DOI, if one is assigned, rather than
the URL.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Borbye (2011) advocates for innovation that respects resources, the environment, and the people
it impacts.
Book with an organizational author
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. (2007). Rising above the
gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic
future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
“The focus on national needs is important both to ensure an adequate supply of doctoral
scientists and engineers and to ensure that there are appropriate employment opportunities for
students once they receive their degrees” (Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy
of the 21st Century, 2007, p. 9).
Books
Location:
When including a book in your references list, identify whether or not the book was accessed
online.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible by anyone with the URL. Use
“Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Online or digital books
Seavey, J. W., Aytur, S. A., & McGrath, R. J. (2014). Health policy analysis: Framework and tools
for success. Available
from https://wgu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=nlebk&AN=782335&site=eds-live&scope=site
For an in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’
names. For example:
No single policy is likely to solve an issue such as the obesity epidemic immediately upon its
adoption; therefore, envisioning a realistic scope and anticipating negative as well as positive
outcomes is an important step right from the planning stage (Seavey, Aytur, &
McGrath, 2014).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Subsequent citations from this source should only use the first author followed by et al.
The implementation phase, Seavey et al. (2014) note, may actually involve re-envisioning the
policy or rewriting its regulations to accommodate the realities of its enforcement, a process that
can take years.
Here’s another example:
Plant, R. (2008). An executive’s guide to information technology: Principles, business models, and
terminology [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://Amazon.com
Note: Include a format description in brackets after the title of a specially formatted digital or
online book.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Adbots can be invasive to user privacy and “act as a type of spyware sending back information to
their advertising source pertaining to the user’s behavior” (Plant, 2008, p. 4).
Print
Silin, P. (2001). Nursing homes: The family’s journey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Note: For when you have the actual book in hand, include the publisher’s location (City, ST),
followed by a colon and the publisher’s name.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Silin (2001) asserts that deciding on nursing home care for a family member has emotional and
psychological ramifications, not just financial ones.
Authors and organizations as authors:
Most sources will have an author, whether that author is an individual, several individuals, or an
organization. The patterns below show how to cite most of the author situations you will
encounter.
Notice that the references page includes an authors’ initials and the in-text citation does not.
Remember: Reference list entries are always organized alphabetically. When titles are
alphabetized, articles (a, an, the) are not included, and titles that begin with numerals are
alphabetized according to how the number is spelled.
One Author:
If a source has one person listed as the author, use the following format for the reference citation:
Goldbas, A. (2014). Childhood obesity: Can it really be child neglect? International Journal of
Childbirth Education, 29(2), 37-40. Retrieved from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/loi/ajph
Here is the correlating in-text citation:
Obesity may not result simply from consuming too many calories (Goldbas, 2014).
Remember: All sources listed on your reference citation must have a correlating in-text citation
that appears at least once in your essay.
Authors and organizations as authors
Multiple Authors:
The general pattern for listing multiple authors will change depending on the number of authors
the source has.
Two authors
If a source has two people listed as the author, you will use the following format:
Farley, T. A., & Dowell, D. (2014). Preventing childhood obesity: What are we doing
right? American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1579-1583. Retrieved
from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/loi/ajph
The correlating in-text citation will either look like this:
Farley and Dowell (2014) observed a decline in childhood obesity rates.
OR like this:
Childhood obesity rates have declined (Farley & Dowell, 2014).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Three to seven authors
The rules for formatting three to seven authors differs from the references page to the in-text
citations.
If a source has three to seven people listed as the author, you will use the following format:
Gollust, S. E., Niederdeppe, J., & Barry, C. L. (2013). Framing the consequences of childhood
obesity to increase public support for obesity prevention policy. American Journal of Public
Health, 103(11), e96-e102. Retrieved from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/loi/ajph
For the correlating in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the
authors’ names. For example:
Gollust, Niederdeppe, and Barry (2013) investigated the relationship between political
ideology and obesity perspectives.
Subsequent citations of this source should use only the first author followed by et al. For
example:
Political ideology and public perspectives determine the level of policy support on public issues
such as obesity (Gollust et al., 2013).
Note: When using et al., you do not include a period after et (only after al.).
The first and subsequent citations for a source with six or more authors includes the first
author’s name followed by et al.
Eight or more authors
If a source has eight or more people listed as the author, you will use the first six authors,
include an ellipsis (. . .), and then list the final author. In other words, although the source has
eight or more authors, you will have a total of only seven authors listed. The ellipsis represents
the names that you left out.
For example:
Behl, M., Rao, D., Aagaard, K., Davidson, T. L., Levin, E. D., Slotkin, T. A., . . . Holloway, A.
C. (2013). Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and
metabolic disorders: A national toxicology program workshop review. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 121(2), 170-180. Retrieved from http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/journal-archive/
The first and subsequent citations for a source with six or more authors includes the first
author’s name followed by et al. For example:
Behl et al. (2013) identified a link between mothers who smoke during pregnancy and increased
childhood obesity.
Note: When using et al., you do not include a period after et (only after al.).
Authors and organizations as authors
Organization
Some sources aren’t written by individuals but by organizations.
For example, here is a reference citation for a source with an organization as the author:
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. (2007). Rising above the
gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Retrieved
from http://www.nap.edu/read/11463/chapter/1
Here is the correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from this referenced source:
The United States is lagging behind other countries to adequately compete in a global economy
(Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 2007).
Here is another example of a reference citation for a source with an organization as the author:
United States Department of Justice. (n.d.). About DOJ. Retrieved
from https://www.justice.gov/about
When you are using an organization-authored source in your essay, and if the organization has a
familiar abbreviation, use it after you have written the organization name in full the first time,
followed by the abbreviation in brackets. Subsequent citations can then use the abbreviation for
the author. For example, here is a correlating in-text citation for a quotation from this referenced
source:
The Department of Justice has a “sacred duty” to ensure the lawfulness of the United States
(United States Department of Justice [US DOJ], n.d., para. 7).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Authors and organizations as authors
Unknown
If a source has no person or organization listed as the author, use the source title in the author
position.
For example, here is a reference citation for a dictionary:
Obese. (n.d.). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved
from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/obese?s=t
Note: Most encyclopedia entries (including Wikipedia) don’t have a specific author. Follow this
same format as indicated above.
When creating an in-text citation, for sources without a named author, the citation uses the title
(surrounded by quotation marks) and year of publication. For example:
In Latin, obesity is defined as overfat (“Obese,” n.d.).
Here is a reference citation for a newspaper article:
The NLRB vs. Boeing. (2011, June 15). The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
from http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/15/opinion/la-ed-boeing-20110615
Note: Dates for newspapers should include the year, month, and day of publication when
available.
When you quote a source without a named author, the in-text citation uses the title (surrounded
by quotation marks), the year of publication, and the page number (use the paragraph number
[written as para.] when there are no page numbers).
The outcome of this dispute is that “companies may be reluctant to locate in union-friendly states
for fear of being trapped there” (“The NLRB vs. Boeing,” 2011, para. 5).
Authors and organizations as authors
Reference Twins
It is necessary to distinguish between sources that have the same author and the same date of
publication.
Use a lowercase letter immediately after the date to differentiate between the sources. Use as
many letters as you need to distinguish between the sources.
Citing multiple pages from a website with no individual author and no publication date
Here is an example of citing multiple pages from a website with no individual author and no
publication date:
American Red Cross. (n.d.-a). Mission and values. Retrieved
from http://www.redcross.org/about-us/who-we-are/mission-and-values
American Red Cross. (n.d.-b). Our history. Retrieved from http://www.redcross.org/aboutus/who-we-are/history
Note: For references where there is no date, use n.d. followed by a dash and the lowercase letter:
(n.d.-a), (n.d.-b), and so forth.
In-text citations also need to distinguish between sources with the same author and publication
date. For example, the following in-text citations pair with the American Red Cross reference
citations provided above:
One hundred eighty-seven countries benefit from the humanitarian work provided by the Red
Cross network (American Red Cross, n.d.-a).
The American Red Cross (n.d.-b) provides disaster relief to the general population and services
to the armed forces.
Citing multiple sources from the same author with the same publication date
Here is an example of citing multiple sources from the same author with the same publication
date:
Koriat, A. (2008a). Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its
exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, 416-428. doi:10.3758/MC.36.2.416
Koriat, A. (2008b). Subjective confidence in one’s answers: The consensuality principle. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 945-959. doi:10.1037/02787393.34.4.945
The following in-text citation examples pair with the Koriat reference citations provided above:
Koriat (2008a) questioned how much the effort to learn impacts recall and fluency.
The researcher also examined the idea of learners self-monitoring the accuracy of their
knowledge (Koriat, 2008b).
Journal articles
Title
This example shows a journal article with a title and subtitle. The subtitle follows the colon.
Notice the first word after the colon is capitalized.
When including journal articles in your references list, the name of the journal, volume and issue
number (when available), and page numbers of the article must also be included. The name of
the journal and the volume number should be italicized. Notice that the name of the journal is
formatted in title-case capitalization style (all major words are capitalized).
For example:
Albaladejo, R., Villanueva, R., Navalpotro, L., Ortega, P., Astasio, P., & Regidor, E. (2014). Risk
behaviors and sports facilities do not explain socioeconomic differences in childhood
obesity: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-141181
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows. Note: The
first time six or more authors are mentioned, list the first author followed by et al.
Albaladejo et al. (2014) assess the relationship between a family’s economic status and the
prevalence of childhood obesity.
Journal articles
Date
For journal articles, include the year, and for journals that have no volume or issue numbers, also
include the month, when available, inside the parentheses, separating the year and month with a
comma (2016, April). Some publications come out seasonally, so in those cases, include the year
and season (2016, Spring).
Non-scholarly journal article
Facing up to China. (2010, February 4). The Economist. Retrieved
from https://www.economist.com/node/15452821
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows. Notice that
only the publication year is used in an in-text citation.
China is expressing “a new self-confidence these days” as its economic strength grows (“Facing
up to China,” 2010, para. 5).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Scholarly journal article
Manent, P. (2002). The wars of the twentieth century. Perspectives on Political Science, 31(3), 139147. doi:10.1080/10457090209600730
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
According to Manent (2002), the removal of the remnants of wars, such as boundary lines and
walls, signifies a changing mindset toward war.
End of tab content.
Journal articles
Location
When including a journal article in your references list, identify whether or not the article was
accessed online.
Online journals: DOI available
Note: When no DOI is available, include the article’s full URL or the site’s homepage URL,
whichever takes you to the source more reliably. Notice as well that when an online journal
article has no page numbers, the journal information ends with the volume (and issue) number,
and the location information follows.
•
•
•
doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
Gebauer, J., Shaw, M. J., & Gribbins, M. L. (2010). Task-technology fit for mobile information
systems. Journal of Information Technology, 25(3), 259-272. doi:10.1057/jit.2010.10
For the correlating in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the
authors’ names. For example:
Gebauer, Shaw, and Gribbins (2010) contend that mobile information systems positively
impact task performance.
Subsequent in-text citations from this source should only use the first author followed by et al.
Mobile information systems can be negatively impacted by poor network connections (Gebauer
et al., 2010).
Here’s another example.
Note: In the example below, the DOI is available and is shown in the new format for DOIs.
Soysal, P., & Isik, A. (2016). Effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on nutritional status in elderly
patients with dementia: A 6-month follow-up study. Journal of Nutrition, Health, and
Aging, 20(4), 398-403. http://dx.doi.org.wgu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0603-z
Note: For articles with a DOI that looks like a URL, you do not need to add “Retrieved from”
before it.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Nutritional status impacts the progression of dementia in elderly patients (Soysal & Isik, 2016).
Online journals: No DOI available
Shields, P. (2018). Capturing and evaluating process semantics from front-line nurses: A pilot
study. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics, 22(1). Retrieved
from http://www.himss.org/library/capturing-and-evaluating-process-semantics-front-linenurses-pilot-study
Note: When no DOI is available, include the article’s full URL or the site’s homepage URL,
whichever takes you to the source more reliably.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Shields (2018) describes nursing process semantics as the daily lived experiences of nurses.
Print
Schacht, C. (2018). I don’t grok you: When unfamiliar subjects can’t be translated. WLN: A Journal
of Writing Center Scholarship, 42(5-6), 22-25.
Note: When you have the actual journal in hand, location information is not required.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Schacht (2018) explains that “[to] grok someone is to understand them on an emotional,
communal level without necessarily being able to describe what it is you understand” (pp. 2223).
Webpages
Title
This is a basic webpage references list entry. Notice the proper noun in the title is capitalized.
For example:
Brabant, M. (2014, November 8). Have the Danes cracked childhood obesity? Retrieved
from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-29755469
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Brabant (2014) reports that a Danish pediatrician has determined that childhood obesity can be
resolved by making several, specific lifestyle adjustments.
Webpages
Date:
Online materials do not always put the date in the same place. Below are some guidelines.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Check near the title of the page.
Check after the last sentence of text on the page.
Use the date if it is included as a byline near the title or after the last sentence of text.
Do NOT use the date if it’s the copyright for the site.
Do NOT use the following dates: date last modified or date last reviewed. If the page
notes a date of last update, use this date only when an original publication date is also
noted; otherwise, if no previous publication date is evident, do not use the date of last
update. The goal is to use the date on which the material was published, and we do not
know exactly what these other dates might signify (e.g., the modification or revision may
have corrected a misspelling or changed the font).
6. If you cannot find a date, use (n.d.), which stands for no date.
If the web page lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with
the year. The month and day will always follow the year, separated by a comma.
For example:
Crouch, L. (2016, February 14). The pigeon will see you now. Retrieved
from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-35542678
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Medical science has determined that animals can be trained to detect illness (Crouch, 2016).
Webpages
Location:
When including a webpage in your references list, remember to acknowledge the location of the
exact page you are referencing and not the website’s homepage. Make sure to copy and paste the
URL from your browser’s address bar so that the URL is accurate. Additionally, do not break the
URL with a space, tab, or hard return in your reference list, for those formatting commands
cause a URL to be irretrievable.
For example:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Drinking water requirements for states and
public water systems: Information about public water systems. Retrieved
from http://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems
For the correlating in-text citation, when citing familiar terms, use an abbreviation to enhance
reader understanding. The first time you use a term, use the spelled-out version followed by the
abbreviation. For example:
A transient non-community water system is “a public water system that provides water in a place
such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time”
(United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], n.d., para. 7).
Note: When the spelled-out version appears in parentheses, put the abbreviation in brackets.
When the spelled-out version appears outside of a parenthetical citation, put the abbreviation in
parentheses.
Once you’ve used an abbreviation, use only the abbreviation throughout the rest of the task. For
example:
The EPA (n.d) defines a transient non-community water system as “a public water system that
provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for
long periods of time” (para. 7).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Videos
If the video lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with the
year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using videos in your references
because content may be updated.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format. For
example, review the following citations from a YouTube source and a TED talk.
YouTube
Pourgol, S. [Shahin Pourgol]. (2012, November 14). Top 20 health care careers [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMXq0O6t7ZY
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Audiologists are one of the lower paid healthcare professionals (Pourgol, 2012).
TED Talk
Irby, A. (2017, November). How to inspire every child to be a lifelong reader [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.ted.com/talks/alvin_irby_how_to_inspire_every_child_to_be_a_lifelong_reader
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Irby (2017) advises educators to practice cultural competence as a way to improve reading
skills.
Images
General information about citing images
If a photograph lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with
the year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using photographs in your
references because content may be updated.
Titles of images should be italicized.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format.
Photograph
Sorpov, A. (2018, March 14). Take the plunge [Photograph]. Retrieved
from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2018/03/crimea-cliffdiving/
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
Sorpov (2018) photographed cliff divers at the Extreme Crimea sports festival.
Painting
Matisse, H. (1917). The three sisters [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.museeorangerie.fr/en/artwork/three-sisters
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
In the painting, The Three Sisters (Matisse, 1917), the heads of the women form an isosceles
triangle.
Infographic
BioExpedition Publishing. (2014). American flamingo [Infographic]. Retrieved
from http://www.flamingos-world.com/american-flamingo-infographic/
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
Male Caribbean flamingos weigh 79% more than the females (BioExpedition
Publishing, 2014).
Social media
General information about citing social media
If the social media lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along
with the year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using social media in
your references because content may be updated.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format.
Blog
Heasman, B., & Corti, K. (2015, August 18). How to build an echoborg: PhD researcher Kevin Corti
featured on the BBC [Blog post]. Retrieved
from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/psychologylse/2015/08/18/how-to-build-an-echoborg-phd-researcherkevin-corti-featured-on-the-bbc/
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Heasman and Corti (2015) define echoborgs as “hybrid social agents consisting of a real person
who speaks words determined by a computer program” (para. 1).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Facebook post
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018, March 9). A team of our site inspectors partnered
up with the City of Punta Gorda, Florida, to assess and repair Hurricane Irma damages to the
city’s seawalls [Facebook status update]. Retrieved
from http://www.facebook.com/FEMA/videos/10155737656609965/
Note: Click on the date and time stamp to get the specific URL for the post.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
After Hurricane Irma, it took a month for the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) (2018) to assess the damage to the many miles of seawalls.
Note: When citing familiar terms, use an abbreviation to enhance reader understanding. The first
time you use a term, use the spelled out version (for example, Federal Emergency Management
Agency) followed by the abbreviation in parentheses (for example, FEMA). Once you’ve used an
abbreviation, use only the abbreviation throughout the rest of the task.
Software
General information about citing social software
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format. When
including software in your references list, use “Available from” instead of “Retrieved from”
before the URL if a login is required to access the software.
Program
Healthcare Learning Innovations. (2017). Sentinel City 2.3 [Computer software]. Available
from http://wgu.ucertify.com/?func=ebook&chapter_no=7#03GpX
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Sentinel City has a clear division between residents of upper and lower socioeconomic status
(Healthcare Learning Innovations, 2017).
App
Skyscape. (2017). Skyscape Medical Library (Version 2.6.9) [Mobile application software].
Retrieved from http://www.skyscape.com/apps/
Note: Include the version number of the app you are referencing.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Skyscape (2017) provides current briefs, research, and case studies from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Government reports
Government reports follow the general “big four” rules for inclusion on the references list. Some
government reports will have a report number. This number should be included at the end of the
title in parentheses.
For example:
Hoachlander, E. G., Sikora, A. C., Horn, L., & Carroll, C. D. (2003). Community college students:
Goals, academic preparation, and outcomes (NCES 2003-164). Retrieved from National
Center for Education Statistics website: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003164.pdf
Note: For government reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the location
information as shown above.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows.
According to Hoachlander, Sikora, Horn, and Carroll (2003), “most community college
students. . .desire a formal credential” (p. x).
Note: Use an ellipsis (a set of three spaced periods) to show that material has been left out of a
quotation. Be careful to maintain the original meaning when removing words from a quotation.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Obtaining a degree or certificate is the goal of the majority of community college students
(Hoachlander et al., 2003).
Note: The first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’ names (as in the first
example). Subsequent citations of the source only include the first author followed by et al. (as in
the second example).
Personal communication:
APA requires one-to-one correspondence in citations. A one-to-one correspondence means that
the reader can match the source in both the paper (in the form of an in-text citation) and the
references list.
An exception to the one-to-one correspondence rule is personal communication. Personal
communication may include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
interviews
Intranet information
letters
e-mail
telephone conversations, and the like
Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communication is not included in the
references list. Cite personal communication in-text only.
When citing personal communication, provide the initials and last name of the communicator or
name of the company and provide as exact a date as possible of when the communication
occured.
For example:
The new Bachelors of Science in Computer Science program was announced on Western Governors
University’s Intranet (personal communication, April 3, 2018).
Another example:
My colleague advised me to make small adjustments as I go about a project (L. Kelly, personal
communication, April 1, 2018).
Citing a source you found in another source
You may find that the author of a source you are using cites other authors in his or her work.
This is known as the secondary source because it is one step removed from the original source of
the idea or quotation. On your references list, provide the reference for the source you read.
For example:
Greenwood, M., & Freeman, R. E. (2017). Deepening ethical analysis in business ethics. Journal
of Business Ethics, 147(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3766-1
In your text, name the original work and provide the citation for the secondary source. The
correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Balalola, Stouten, Camps, and Euwema argue that there are no adequate ethical leadership
theories (as cited in Greenwood & Freeman, 2017).
Court cases
Court cases require a specialized format. Review each type of course case below for examples of
reference and in-text citations for court decisions, code of federal regulations, and legislation and
administrative code.
Court decisions
Identify the title or name of the case, followed by the code that indicates where the case was
documented; include the court jurisdiction (if available) and the date of ruling.
For example:
Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992). Retrieved
from https://www.leagle.com/decision/19921027826sw2d20111010
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
The respondents in the case felt that their personal rights had been violated (Texas v.
Morales, 1992).
Note: The case name is italicized in the in-text citation but not on the references page.
Code of federal regulations
Identify the name of the regulation. You can shorten the name if it is particularly long, and you
can include an abbreviated agency name that issued the regulation. Next, include the title
number and abbreviated source name, followed by the section number. If you are
referencing more than one section, include two section symbols. End the reference with the
edition year of the code.
For example:
DHHS Health Information Technology Standards, 45 C.F.R. §§ 170.500170.599 (2015). Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/45/part-170/subpart-E
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
The DHHS Health Information Technology Standards (2015) provide rules and procedures
for health information technology, such as principles of proper conduct, EHR certification, and
certification bans.
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Legislation and administrative code
Identify the name of the legislation (if named). Next include the volume and source, followed
by the section number. End the reference with the date the code was enacted along with any
dates of amendments.
For example:
Registration of lobbyists, 2 U.S.C. § 1603 (1995/2008). Retrieved
from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/1603
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Lobbyists must follow the code for Registration of lobbyists (1995/2008) and register with both
the Sentate and the House of Representatives.
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition
Student A. Sample
Grand Canyon University:
ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
2
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition
This is an electronic template for papers written in APA style (American Psychological
Association, 2010). The purpose of the template is to help the student set the margins and
spacing. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The type is left-justified only—
that means the left margin is straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is indented
five spaces. It is best to use the tab key to indent. The line spacing is double throughout the
paper, even on the reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end of sentences.
The font style used in this template is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.
First Heading
The heading above would be used if you want to have your paper divided into sections
based on content. This is the first level of heading, and it is centered and bolded with each word
of four letters or more capitalized. The heading should be a short descriptor of the section. Note
that not all papers will have headings or subheadings in them.
First Subheading
The subheading above would be used if there are several sections within the topic labeled
in a heading. The subheading is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more
capitalized.
Second Subheading
APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection
within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not
use any at all.
When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can
delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. However, one item
ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
3
that you will have to change is the page header, which is placed at the top of each page along
with the page number. The words included in the page header should be reflective of the title of
your paper, so that if the pages are intermixed with other papers they will be identifiable. When
using Word 2003, double click on the words in the page header. This should enable you to edit
the words. You should not have to edit the page numbers.
In addition to spacing, APA style includes a special way of citing resource articles. See
the APA manual for specifics regarding in-text citations. The APA manual also discusses the
desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for numbers, and a variety of other
important topics. Although the APA style rules are used in this template, the purpose of the
template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of the paper. The student will need
to refer to the APA manual for other format directions. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide
available in the Student Writing Center for additional help in correctly formatting according to
APA style.
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the
information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the
paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry
in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this
page includes examples of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles,
information from a website). The examples on the following page include examples taken
directly from the APA manual.
ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
4
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school
administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival
times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH
Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
5:38 1
<
N201 Foundations of Person-Cen…
integrity and social justice.
Directions:
• Students are expected to use the Publication Manual of the Americ
Psychological Association (7″ edition) to guide the formatting of t
paper. One third of the points received for this paper stem fron
APA formatting, see rubric below.
• 5-6 pages (not including title, reference and rubric page) typed,
double-spaced, one-sided, 12-point font paper. Required typeface
throughout- Times New Roman.
• Minimum of four different reference citations.
• All papers submitted should be at an acceptable college level of
writing.
No authors note needed on title page.
• The following grading rubric will be used: Please attach a copy of
rubric as the final page of your paper, after reference page.(One w
be available on Canvas)
.
AADIS Paper Grading Rubric
Grading Rubric
Points Your Score
AACN Nursing Values:
Altruism
4
Autonomy
4
Human Dignity
4
Integrity
4
Social Justice
4
Mechanics:
Clarity and effectiveness of writing
4
Lack of spelling errors
3
APA Format:
Appropriate formatting of paper using APA 6″ Edition guidelines 7
• Title page
3
• Page headers
• Page numbers
• Headings
• Page margins
Appropriate in-text citation of sources using APA formatting
Match reference page
• Quotations cited correctly
Complete reference page that includes all sources cited in text
• APA format of citation
• Citations congruent with the text
• Citations accurate and complete including punctuation
TOTAL
3
40
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