Answer each discussion with reference peer reply
Discussion 1 rainna dis
For this week’s discussion, I choose the Bhopal gas leak incident that happened in 1984
in Madhya, India. It accidentally released toxic gases at Union carbide’s pesticide plant.
It was called the worst industrial accident in history at that time where 8,000 people
were killed and around 150, 000 people were injured (Britannica, 2022).
How well do you think the United States is prepared for a disaster like the one you
selected?
The Bhopal disaster happened in 1984. However, studies found that its effects still took
place until 2002 (Britannica, 2022). A report published in 1999 that the levels of mercury
in some places were 6 million times higher than expected and drinking water wells near
the area are heavily polluted (Veenema, 2007). A study also found that lead and
mercury are present in the breast milk of nursing mothers. This devastating chemical
environmental disaster led to worldwide regulation on chemicals and toxicity (Veenema,
2007).
According to Veenema (2007), an analysis of the Bhopal incident was compared to the
U.S chemical incidents and out of 29 incidents, 17 incidents in the United States
released sufficient volumes of chemicals with such toxicity that could have been more
severe than Bhopal incidents. However, after the analysis, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), developed programs to prevent chemical incidents and
congress also passed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. It requires companies of
all sizes that use certain flammable and toxic substances to develop risk management
programs that include hazard assessment, potential effects of an accidental release, a
prevention program that includes safety precautions, emergency response program,
employee training measures, and procedures for informing the public and response
agencies (Veenema, 2007).
At what point does a technological or man-made event become labeled a disaster?
Man-made disaster results from threats having an element of human intent, negligence,
or error and become a disaster when the destructive effects of natural or man-made
forces overwhelm the ability of a given area or community to meet the demand for
health care (Zibulewsky, 2001). According to Veenema (2007), man-made disasters are
those in which the principal direct causes are identifiable human actions. Humangenerated disasters can be divided into complex emergencies, technological disasters,
and disasters that are not caused by natural hazards but occur in human settlements
(Veenema, 2007). Veenema (2007) stated that factors that influence the impact of
disaster includes nature of the event, time of day, health and age characteristic of a
population, location, duration, and impact.
Discussion 2 cody dis
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident
One of the human induced incidents that I will be explaining was the Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Accident that occurred on March 11, 2011. The incident began following a
significant earthquake in Japan, where a 15-meter tsunami disabled the power supply
and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors. All three cores melted mainly in the
first 3 days. The accident was rated level 7 on the International Nuclear and
Radiological Event Scale due to high radioactive releases over 4-6 days. All 4
Fukushima Daiichi reactors were written off due to damage in the accident. After 2
weeks, the 3 reactors were stable with water addition. By July, they were cooled down
with recycled water from the new treatment plant. Though due to this accident it cause
around 100,000 civilians to be evacuated for preventative measures both due to the
tsunami and nuclear disasters that occurred. (World Nuclear Association, 2021).
At what point does a technological or man-made event become labeled a disaster?
A man-made event becomes a disaster when the destructive effects of natural or manmade forces overwhelm the ability of a given area or community to meet the demand for
health care (Zibulewsky, 2001). Due to the overwhelming numbers attributed to the
event, there were around 2,313 disaster-related deaths among the evacuees from the
Fukushima prefecture following the nuclear accident. With that being said, it’s labeled as
a man-made event because it could have been preventable by the company. Though,
correct safety measures weren’t ensured spite knowing that Fukushima was an area
that was prone for earthquakes and tsunami’s to occur (World Nuclear Association,
2021).
Name and explain the impact categories associated with your disaster.
The impact categories represent environmental issues of concern based on several
conditions which then groups different emissions based on their impact on the
environment as whole. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident was the most severe
nuclear accident since Chernobyl in 1986. It was classified as a Level 7 on the
International Nuclear Event Scale, joining Chernobyl as the only other accident to
receive such a classification (World Nuclear Association, 2021). When an event is
categorized as level 7, it indicates that there was a major accident occurred such as an
external release of a large part of the radioactive material in a large facility like a power
reactor, threatening serious health effects; delayed health problems over a wide area,
possibly involving several countries; long-term environmental consequences (Reuters,
2009).
Discussion 3 rain res
Hi Everyone
For this week’s discussion post, I choose the topic Mental Health and Mental Disorders
from the Healthy People 2030 website. According to Healthy People 2030 (n.d.), about
half of all people in the United States can be diagnosed with a mental health condition
at some point in their lifetime that is why Healthy People 2030 focus their objectives on
prevention, screening, assessment, and treatment of mental health disorders and
improving the health and quality of life of people with mental health disorders.
Discuss how epidemiologic methods are used to evaluate Healthy People 2030
objectives. Give one example.
Epidemiology is used to describe the natural history of the disease which studies the
distribution and determinants of disease of human populations (Schmidt & Brown,
2019). It is used to determine the effect and extent of disease in a population (Schmidt
& Brown, 2019). The distribution and determinants are the main factors that can be
used to evaluate objectives. Distribution describes the pattern of disease occurrence in
and among populations while determinants are factors that can change health (Schmidt
& Brown, 2019). Since measuring the health of the population is fundamental to making
objectives to improve the health status of a population, epidemiology is the method that
fits because epidemiology measures the distribution, control, causes, and outcomes of
disease and it provides the basic tools for factors such as pattern, cause, interventions,
and associated risk factors (Varavikova & Tulchinsky, 2018).
One example is the use of epidemiology as a tool to understand the occurrence and
distribution of mental and behavioral disorders across people and their causes and
consequences. The data from epidemiology was used to develop a more effective
intervention strategy to treat and prevent mental illness (Johns Hopkins University,
2022). Another example would be the correlation of depression and anxiety disorders,
poor sleep, and stressful life events to poor cognitive and poor functional outcomes and
illness (John Hopkins University, 2022). Data from epidemiology assisted the study to
identify that stress-related exposures are associated with medical morbidity and
disability because of hastening cellular aging and shortening of telomeres (John
Hopkins University, 2022).
Include the primary goal/purpose of the descriptive or analytical study, design type in
the category chosen, uses of analytic or descriptive type, at least one advantage and
disadvantage of the design type.
Analytic epidemiology is concerned with researching causes and effects (CDC, 2022). It
searches for the why and how. It measures the association between behavioral factors,
environmental factors, characteristics, and a disease (Zeger et al, 2017). The two most
common study designs of analytic epidemiology are cohort and case-control studies.
Cohort studies are natural experiments where the study participants are selected and
assigned to study groups based on their exposure status while case-control is designed
to sample a group of people that has the disease and a group that doesn’t have but has
the risk of developing the disease (Schmidt & Brown, 2017).
Cohort studies can be used to measure incidence, can be used to study more
outcomes, to establish an exposure preceded the disease, and less vulnerable to recall
bias (Schmidt & Brown, 2017). These are the advantages of cohort studies while
disadvantages include it is expensive and requires a lot of time, a high possibility of
mortality, and high possibility of exposure during the course change (Schmidt & Brown,
2017). Advantages of case-control studies includes it require small sample size, it
expedient and relatively inexpensive, it can be used to examine rare diseases and
situations that involve individuals who have had many exposures, and have low risk of
attrition while disadvantages includes inability to measure incidence, inability to examine
many disease at the same time, it is not conducive to measuring rare exposure and it
has high possibility of recall bias (Schmi dt & Brown, 2017).
Discussion 4
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xplore some topics of interest to you
After looking through the various topics listed in Healthy People 2030, I was interested
in exploring more about Family Planning and what objectives are currently being
observed. It was interesting to read the data about increasing awareness for publicly
funded birth control services, adolescents pregnancy, childbirth, and sexually
transmitted infections. Healthy People 2030 focuses on reducing the unintended
pregnancy by increasing use of birth control and family planning services (Healthy
People 2030, n.d).
Discuss how epidemiological methods are used to evaluate Healthy People 2020
objectives
Healthy People 2020 uses epidemiological methods because it’s an ideal framework in
public health that determines the impact and gravity of a disease in a population.
Epidemiology helps identify the nature of a disease, its etiology, cause, and which
interventions in the various areas such as prevention, treatment, control, etc. are
effective and need improvement (Schmidt & Brown, 2019).
Give an example. The example can be one you created or one from an actual study.
One study that I wanted to examine more about was the reason family planning is more
focused on now than before the pandemic occurred. The data from the epidemiology
suggested that the reason for this study related to pregnant mothers risks increasing
through restrictions of movement, limited access to maternity services such as antenatal
care, emergency obstetric care, and skilled birth attendance (Sharma et al.,
2020).Through epidemiology, the study was able to identify causations with increased
demand for modern contraceptive methods and understanding the health risks
associated with unplanned pregnancies.
Include the primary goal/purpose of the descriptive or analytical study, design type in
the category chosen, uses of analytic or descriptive type, at least one advantage and
disadvantage of the design type.
Descriptive Epidemiology investigates the disease distribution in a population and why
the disease frequently occurs under specific conditions. The purpose of this type of
epidemiology is to recognize smaller group risks and potential causes of disease. Under
descriptive epidemiology, there is a cross-sectional design called prevalence studies
which evaluates exposures and diseases that happen in a specific population at a
specific time (Schmidt & Brown, 2019). One advantage for this design is that it can be
used in various aspects to assess several different phenomena like behaviors, disease
symptoms, and health status because researchers are exposed to multiple exposures
and diseases at the same time. Though a major disadvantage would be temporal
ambiguity, where the research cannot determine what exposures precede effects
(Schmidt & Brown, 201

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