Question 2
1 pts
Which of the following is not true of human language?
There is a strict mapping between words and concepts that is shared across the world’s languages.
Speakers of human languages can create an infinite number of phrases and sentences.
Speakers of the same language share common innovations introduced over time
Speakers of a given language intuitively know whether a newly generated sentence is a possible
sentence in their language.
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Question 3
1 pts
Below we give the distribution of the made-up word ricon. Use this distribution to deduce its
category
(a) Your car is ricon.
(b) *They never ricon finished.
(c) *Mani is riconest.
(d) The birds sang ricon
O Conj
O
Р
Adv
Adj
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Question 6
1 pts
Identify the sentence that contains one complement clause and one relative clause.
The students who gathered at the rally are from towns and cities all over the province
O Franny never told me about her interest in frogs of the Don river valley
O We ran into the people you told us about last week at lunch
The claim that masks prevent infection has become widely accepted by people everywhere
The storm that they warned us about has arrived and they say people should stay home
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Question 7
1 pts
Label the bolded form in the given example with TWO terms that apply.
(a) These children have been playing all day
O Modal auxiliary
Aspectual auxiliary
Main verb
Bare form
O Finite form
OP-Participle
Ing-Participle
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Question 9
6 pts
Identify all of the bound affixes in Table 1 of the data. Organize your answers in tables like the
one below. (You can create a table using the Quercus editor; see the ‘Insert’ menu.) Answers
that do not follow the correct format cannot be graded.
Pay careful attention to the following instructions:
• At the top of your answer give the name of your language and version number
• Give a separate table for each type of affix (e.g. prefixes, suffixes, etc).
• Structure your table the same as the example given below (use the same format and
headings)
Example of table structure (note that none of the details correspond to the correct answer):
[Language name] [version#3]
Table of prefixes
Morpheme Meaning
Example number(s) where the
morpheme is observed
lu-
future tense (1), (3), (8)
ma-
1st person
(2), (6), (7)
…
12pt
Paragraph
Ca
I
BI U Avor T²v
v T²v |
V Ev
will make reference to this data so you may want to download and keep it open it in another
window for ease of reference. Make note of version number for your data (46), highlighted in
yellow. You may be asked to enter this number as part of your answer in future questions.
• “You all” means 2nd person plural. “You” means 2nd person singular.
• It is recommended that you begin by doing a complete morphological analysis of Table 1
before answering any questions about your data.
• You should ignore Table 2 until you are asked to talk about it
Hypothetical Language: Dagremu
Data: 46
Table1
1. sinubam
2. sinubasom
3. sinuban
4.
chutyban
5.
6.
“he sees me
“he sees you”
“he sees him”
“I see him”
sinubanabun
chutubanibin
chutubanecham
samubam
“he sees US”
“I see them”
“I see you all
“you see me”
7.
8.
Table 2
1. subasom
2. subanecham
3.
suban
4. subanibin
5. sinubamibin
6. sinubanibin
7.
sinubanabunibin
8. sinubanechamibin
9. samubamecham
10. samubanecham
11. samubanibinecham
“we see you”
“we see you all”
“we see him”
“we see them”
“they see me”
“they see him”
“they see us”
“they see you all”
“you all see me”
“you all see him”
“you all see them”
Here is the first question (note for these answers you should NOT enter the version number
for your data)
When you do a morphological analysis of Table 1, you should observe allomorphy for one of
the morphemes. Enter the two allomorphs:
Allomorph 1:
Allomorph 2:
Question 9
6 pts
Identify all of the bound affixes in Table 1 of the data. Organize your answers in tables like the
one below. (You can create a table using the Quercus editor; see the ‘Insert’ menu.) Answers
that do not follow the correct format cannot be graded.
Pay careful attention to the following instructions:
• At the top of your answer give the name of your language and version number
• Give a separate table for each type of affix (e.g. prefixes, suffixes, etc).
• Structure your table the same as the example given below (use the same format and
headings)
Example of table structure (note that none of the details correspond to the correct answer):
[Language name] [version#3]
Table of prefixes
Morpheme Meaning
Example number(s) where the
morpheme is observed
lu-
future tense (1), (3), (8)
ma-
1st person
(2), (6), (7)
…
12pt
Paragraph
Ca
I
BI U Avor T²v
v T²v |
V Ev
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Question 10
1 pts
Now look at Table 2 of your data. Plural subjects are special because [choose all that apply]
O1st person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and suffixes
02nd person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and suffixes
O 3rd person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and suffixes
O1st person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and infixes
0 2nd person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and infixes
O 3rd person plural subjects are marked as both prefixes and infixes
1st person plural subjects are marked as both infixes and suffixes
2nd person plural subjects are marked as both infixes and suffixes
O 3rd person plural subjects are marked as both infixes and suffixes
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Questions
Question 14
10 pts
Draw trees for the sentences (1) and (2).
(1) Ai might watch the scary movie.
(2) That Sam could play piano surprised their neighbours.
Your trees must be uploaded in one of the following file formats: jpg, jpeg, png, or pdf. We
cannot read HEIC files.
Below are the most recent Phrase Structure Rules which you can use as a guide.
Phrase Structure Rules:
CP → CTP
TP {NP/CP} TVP
NP → (Det) (AdjP+) N (PP+)
VP → (AdvP+) V (NP) {(NP)/(CP)} (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)
PP → (PQual) P (NP)
Adip → (Deg/Adv) Adj (PP)
AdvP → (Deg/Adv) Adv
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Remember, you only have 140 minutes though.
u must not consult any other person or any material outside the course. Do not post to Piazza (or any
cord channels etc.) during the period of the test.
if I have technical problems while I am writing the test?
e will be available for select times to assist with possible technical issues: 9-10am, 11-12am, 1-2pm, 3-4
Bpm, and 8-9pm at the following zoom link:
ps://utoronto.zoom.us/j/85008971337 Meeting ID: 850 0897 1337
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a
Question 16
1 pts
Given the data, which of the verbs in this artificial language can be intransitive? Choose all
the answers that apply.
sleep
arrive
visit
say
O think
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a
Question 17
5 pts
Give the phrase structure rules that are needed for your data. Please write the name of your
language at the top of your answer: e.g. Language: Pikaton
12pt v
Paragraph v
V
B I U Av av T² v
Ι Ο Αν
L
CIL
Ca
O
O words
<
р
D
Question 18
1 pts
Which of PSRs that you wrote for your language are consistent with the ones you know for
English?
NP
OPP
CP
OVP
ТР
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Question 19
1 pts
Which of PSRs that you wrote for your language are different from the ones you know for
English?
OVP
ОТР
O NP
PP
ОАР
CP
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Question 20
1 pts
The following sentence illustrates what type of garden path sentence?
If Maayan reads the book will be popular.
O Main clause/Reduced relative
O NP/S
Embedded Object/Matrix Subject
O Adv/Adj parse
Embedded Subject/Matrix Subject
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Question 22
1 pts
This question is about the same sentences (1-2) as in the last question, repeated below.
(1) a. Whenever Sam visits the mall is busy.
b. Whenever Sam visits the mall it is busy.
(2) a. Whenever Dani leaves the mall is busy.
b. Whenever Dani leaves the mall it is busy.
Assume the following verb subcategorization frequencies:
transitive
intransitive
visit
8
92
leave
93
7.
A constraint-based model of sentence processing, which incorporates subcategorization
frequency information, predicts processing difficulty (e.g. longer reading times) at the following
locations in (1) and (2):
at “is” in (la)
O at “it” in (16)
at “is” in (lb)
at “is” in (2a)
at “it” in (2b)
at “is” in (2b)
at “the” in (la)
at “leaves” in (2b)
Question 21
1 pts
The following two questions are about the locally ambiguous sentences in (1) and (2).
(1) a. Whenever Sam visits the mall is busy.
b. Whenever Sam visits the mall it is busy.
(2) a. Whenever Dani leaves the mall is busy.
b. Whenever Dani leaves the mall it is busy.
The Garden Path Model predicts processing difficulty (e.g. longer reading times) at the
following locations in (1) and (2):
O ”
at “is” in (1a)
at “it” in (1b)
at “is” in (1b)
at “is” in (2a)
O at “it” in (25)
at “is” in (2b)
O at “the” in (1a)
at “leaves” in (2b)
Question 25
1 pts
Consider the following sentence:
Dani texted his cousin that he watched the video while he was on the subway.
What meaning does the Garden Path Model predict that comprehenders will first access for
this sentence?
What Dani texted his cousin was that he watched the video while on the subway
What Dani texted his cousin while on the subway was that he watched the video
What Dani texted his cousin while he watched the video was that he was on the subway
While Dani texted his cousin he watched the video on the subway
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Question 24
1 pts
Choose the best definition for the term heuristics:
O Quick and dirty cognitive routines that are error-prone
O Deliberative cognitive routines that are error-prone
O Error-prone statistical computations about frequency estimates
Fast but error-prone decisions about syntactic parsing
Efficient parsing routings generating syntactic structures in speech
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