Below I have 2 posts please provide a response for both. 150 words each with reference (WITHIN THE LAST 5 YEARS).

Part 1

Your response to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.

Kohlberg’s model theory is male-centric, with six stages listed in a three-level motif moral judgment. Firstly, a scenario of an ill wife is presented as the premise of the theory’s scaffold. This wife requires an extremely rare medication that the husband must find the means to acquire for her to live (Kohlberg, L. (1958). Ultimately, the husband decides to rob the manufacturer of this rare drug due to a series of events. There are three levels of the theory: Pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional stage. The first level of the moral development stage encompassed punishment and obedience. If it feels good, then do it concept. The second level of Kolhbergs theory begins at the age of ten. The theory states that men adhere to the: Do it for me (wife) concept and law and order orientation. Where a human’s life is more important than protecting property, which crudely supports the saying “the means justify the end.” Lastly, the final stage of Kolhberg’s theory starts at the age of 20 years old. Moral judgment is the societal view of “thoughtful” men and universal ethics principle; if everyone did that, how do you view it. The actions of men are based on their judgment of what society says, and its outcomes are related to justice. A theory that is extremely gendered biased.

Gilligan’s Ethics Care theory also has a 3 stage approach but a female-centric model. The first stage states that a woman’s morality is defined by her connection with others and her need to survive. The second stage of Gilligan’s theory is no (Gilligan, C. (1977) longer an association of both her and others, but what she believes is best for her takes priority. Within this development stage, the woman establishes self-respect and her responsibilities related to others. She establishes self-gratification from self-sacrificing and selfless actions. Lastly, Gilligan women focus on dynamics between others and herself, but ultimately how her choices will affect others. Women shift from wanting to be “good” to honoring their own beliefs. Women live-in relationships, and women are relational, responsive people. Gilligan’s viewpoint was that a “good woman” is self-less, responsive, and nurturing to everyone else’s needs, but what does she, the woman, truly want. That woman was a person, and her needs were just as equally important.

Gilligan’s approach did what Kohlberg did not do by including women in a male-dominated theory and eliminating the presentation that women were inferior. Though her theory is gender bias, it responded to Kohlberg’s theory, which also was gender bias having men centralized within the model. It is slightly discouraging because Kolbhberg’s theory was developed with the prevalent mindset during the 1950s. The theory (Mcleod, S.A. (2013) has its weakness. He selected an artificial dilemma, in which he asked children who range from 10 to 16 to reflect upon a scenario that was not relevant to their age group. One must realize a child’s viewpoint of the assumed dynamics within marriage is grossly different from what happens from what is displayed on the television. The study Kolhberg presented was poorly designed; its concept design stemmed from “stages” of moral judgment performed over as a cross-sectional study. The study included the participation of a particular demographic, which isolates various demographic groups. Kolhberg may correct this by doing a longitudinal study that includes a diversified group of individuals would cement the results. Of course, there would be holes in the theory!

I almost expect us, women, to agree with Gilligan’s theory because it is from a perceptive of a woman. As women, I believe our indoctrination starts from a young age with such phrases as “you are a lady” and “you cannot do this.” Phrases as those mentioned stem from imposed gender roles in conjunction with societal views concerning “said” roles, which was why Gilligan developed this theory and provided a feminist viewpoint. He (Kolhberg) neglects the feminine voice. We need a voice; we, women, have a voice. The voice of compassion, love, and non-violence is associated with the socialization of girls. [3]

He does not take into account moral judgment may not match with behavior. It does not account for the cultural influences and norms of a particular demographic in Kolbergs Theory. A few factors when scrutinizing Kolhberg’s theory (Bee (1994): Habits of people and, as it presents itself over time. Weighing the pros and cons of such actions related in the theory model, societal influences such as peer pressure, self-interest, and whether people need to be involved. The theory is also limited because it does not reflect model ideals of changing times. We live in an age of non-binary associations, various sexual orientations, and self-awareness. Men are no longer men, nor are women; we have become far more transformative. Such a theory does not consider those “new-age” changes when applied to one’s moral compass.

Each theory has its shortcomings, but in my opinion, there is a well-roundness found with Gilligans Theory. It interceeds relationships rather than consequences based on a reward-judgment system. People are more than right and wrong, but they influence all relationships and actions within those relationships.

Reference:

Kohlberg, L. (1958). The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16.

Ph. D. Dissertation

, University of Chicago.

Gilligan, C. (1977). In a different voice: Women’s conceptions of self and of morality.

Harvard Educational Review

, 47(4), 481-517.

Mcleod, S.A. (2013, October 24).

[Kohlberg’s theory of moral development]

. Simply Psychology. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html

Bee, H. L. (1994).

Lifespan development

. HarperCollins College Publishers.

Below I have 2 posts please provide a response for both. 150 words each with reference(WITHIN THE LAST 5 YEARS).

Part 2

Your response to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.

Kohlberg proposes that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning. Progression through these levels happens over time and it could depend on your, environment, the situation you are in, education, etc. Kohlberg does make a point because morals differ with each individual. Morals are learned over time because we have to make mistakes to determine what is right from wrong and learn from it. Who you surround yourself with will determine how you look at certain situations regarding morals.

Gilligan believed that women have different development when it comes to morals because of gender. Gilligan stated that women focused on care, whereas men focused on justice. It was also mentioned that women viewed morals in terms of responsibilities. When it comes to many things women and men are so different and I agree with Gilligan’s theory in regard to morals. It is in women’s nature to be caring. Not all, but most women will think about what is right or wrong in a situation before acting.

Kohlberg’s reasoning was good as well but what I don’t agree with is once you have morals, it should not change because you are around a certain group of people or in a different environment. If you know better, you do better. I would consider myself as having morals because that is how I was raised. Just because I am around someone new that was raised differently, I’m not going to throw out what I learned because of someone else.

Reference

Black, B. P. (2019). Professional nursing: Concepts & challenges (9th edition). St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 9780323848299