Please need A+ in this essay, and please NO PLAGIARISM, and need the citation.

THANKS, AND GOOD LUCK.

the whole history block is attached in different file, the essay should be from the history block.

Department
of

Military History
Command and General Staff College

Fort Leavenworth, KS

H400

The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Advanced Operations Course

AY 2021 – 2022

Syllabus and Book of Readings

Contains Advance Sheets and Readings

H400: The American Way of War
and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC)
Advanced Operations Course

CGSC AY 2021–22

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY HISTORY
US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE

FORT LEAVENWORTH, KS 66027-2301

December 2021

This publication contains copyrighted material and may not be reproduced without permission.

Front Cover Photo: U.S. Marines (Official Marine Corps Photo) (http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Home_Page.htm);
Photographer TSGT. Dave Mcleod: Combined Military Service Digital, Photographic Files,
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6481484; https://media.defense.gov/2013/Aug/26/2001975960/-1/-1/0/790729-V-TJV98-
551.jpg; Army Signal Corps photographer LT. Stephen E. Korpanty; restored by Adam Cuerden Naval Historical Center Photo
# SC 213700, https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara-
series/sc-series/SC-200000/SC-213700.html

ii

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE
US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course
H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

AY 2021–22

Contents

Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi

H400 Block
Block Advance Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H400BAS-1
Appendix A, Assessment Plan …………………………………………………………………………………. H400BAS-9
Appendix A-1, Assessing Student Performance …………………………………………………………. H400BAS-14
Appendix A-2, Assessing Student Performance …………………………………………………………. H400BAS-16

CGSC Form 1009W, Assessing Writing (Outline) ……………………………………………….. H400BAS-17
CGSC Form 1009W, Assessing Writing (Argumentative Essay Rubric) …………………. H400BAS-19
CGSC Form 1009C, Assessing Contribution to Learning ……………………………………… H400BAS-21

Appendix B: H400 Lesson Titles …………………………………………………………………………….. H400BAS-22
Appendix C: Blended Learning Instructions ……………………………………………………………… H400BAS-23

H401: The Rise of the American Way of War: Global Strategy and Mobilization in WWII
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H401AS-24
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H401AS-30
H401RB, Mobilization ……………………………………………………………………………………………. H401RB-32

Center of Military History
H401RC, The 90-Division Gamble ………………………………………………………………………….. H401RC-40

Maurice Matloff
H401RD, The Color Plans, 1919-1938 ……………………………………………………………………… H401RD-52

Louis Morton
H401RE, Force Structure, Mobilization, and American Strategy for Global

Coalition War ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. H401RE-58
Michael D. Pearlman

H401ORA, AWPD-1: Munitions Requirements of the Army Air Forces ………………………. H401ORA-71
U.S. War Department

H401ORB, Resource Mobilization for World War II: the U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and
Germany, 1938-1945 ………………………………………………………………………………………… H401ORB-75

Mark Harrison

H402: LSCO/MDO Sea Power: Carriers, Marines and the Tyranny of Distance (Guadalcanal)
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H402AS-93
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H402AS-99
H402RA, First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal ………………………………. H402RA-101

Henry I. Shaw
H402RB, Asymmetric Warfare at Sea: The Naval Battles off Guadalcanal, 1942-1943 ….. H402RB-130

Thomas G. Mahnken
H402ORA, Japan’s Losing Struggle for Guadalcanal …………………………………………………. H402ORA-150

Raizo Tanaka
H402ORB, Guadalcanal: Neither Side Would Quit ……………………………………………………. H402ORB-173

Thomas B. Buell

iii

H402ORC, Tactical Planning in the Imperial Japanese Navy ………………………………………. H402ORC-179
Minoru Genda
H402ORD, An Unhandsome Quitting ………………………………………………………………………. H402ORD-185
Merrill B. Twining

H403: LSCO/MDO: Airpower Theory, Doctrine, and Practice
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H403AS-192
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H403AS-199

H404: LSCO/MDO: Ground Warfare: D-Day to the Elbe
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H404AS-203
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H404AS-209
H404RA, The Strategic Tradition of U.S. Grant ………………………………………………………… H404RA-211

Russell Weigley
H404RC, Northern France: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II ……………………… H404RC-218

David W. Hogan, Jr.
H404ORB, The Autumn of 1944: Boldness is Not Enough …………………………………………. H404ORB-239

Ronald Andidora
H404ORC, The Lorraine Campaign: An Overview, September-December 1944 ……………. H404ORC-247

Christopher R. Gabel

H405: Expeditionary Deterrence and Limited Warfare in the Nuclear Age
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H405AS-273
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H405AS-280
H405RA, How to Build the Wrong Army …………………………………………………………………. H405RA-283

David F. Melcher and John C. Siemer
H405RB, The Development of the American Theory of Limited War, 1945-63 …………….. H405RB-293

Michael W. Cannon
H405ORB, The Sources of Soviet Conduct by X ……………………………………………………….. H405ORB-316

George F. Kennan

H406: The Chinese Way of War
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H406AS-326
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H406AS-334
H406RA, The Art of War. ………………………………………………………………………………………. H406RA-341

Sun Tzu (Lionel Giles Translation)
H406RB, Selected Military Writings of Mao Tse-tung (Excerpts). ………………………………. H406RB-365

Mao Tse-tung

H407: Limited War and LSCO: Korea 1950-1953
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H407AS-381
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H407AS-388
H407RB, New Roots, Korea 1950-1951 …………………………………………………………………… H407RB-392
Carter Malkasian

H408: Vietnam: The Challenge of Hybrid Warfare
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H408AS-408
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H408AS-415
H408RA, Conduct of the Vietnam War: Strategic Factors, 1965-1968………………………….. H408RA-418

Douglas Pike

iv

H408RB, Westmoreland was Right: Learning the Wrong Lessons from the
Vietnam War …………………………………………………………………………………………………… H408RB-431

Dale Andrade

H409: The Limits of Military Power – Tet and Vietnamization
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H409AS-459
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H409AS-466
H409RA, The 1968 Tet Offensive: Turning Point in the Vietnam War …………………………. H409RA-468
James H. Willbanks
H409RB, Vietnamization: An Incomplete Exit Strategy ……………………………………………… H409RB-475

James H. Willbanks
H409RC, Lessons of History and Lessons of Vietnam………………………………………………… H409RC-497

David H. Petraeus
H409ORA, Complex Urban Operations: The Battle for Hue, 1968 ………………………………. H409ORA-510
Louis DiMarco
H409ORB, Command Chronology for Period 1 Feb 1968 to 29 Feb 1968 …………………….. H409ORB-522

U.S. Marine Corps, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines
H409ORC, The Tet Offensive and the News Media …………………………………………………… H409ORC-529

William M. Hammond

H410: Re-forging the Broken Sword: The U.S. Army 1972-1990
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H410AS-540
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H410AS-548
H410RA, The Collapse of the Armed Forces …………………………………………………………….. H410RA-550

Robert D. Heinl, Jr.
H410RD, Fighting Outnumbered: the Impact of the Yom Kippur War
on the U.S. Army ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H410RD-563
Saul Bronfeld

H411: DESERT STORM and the American Way of War
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H411AS-586
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H411AS-594
H411RA, War in the Persian Gulf: Operation DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM,
August 1990-March 1991 (Excerpt) ……………………………………………………………………. H411RA-596

Richard Stewart
H411RB, Lucky War: Third Army in DESERT STORM (Excerpts) ………………………………… H411RB-620
Richard M. Swain
H411RC, The Iraq Wars and America’s Military Revolution (Excerpts) ……………………….. H411RC-633

Keith L. Shimko
H411RD, Unhappy Warrior, Part I and Part II …………………………………………………………… H411RD-643

Rick Atkinson
H411RE, Military Doctrine: Lessons from the 1991 Gulf War and Russian
Military Doctrine ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H411RE-660
Stuart Kaufman
H411ORA, The Ghost of Omdurman ……………………………………………………………………….. H411ORA-676

Daniel P. Bolger
H411ORB, Deployment, Staging, and Logistics in Operations DESERT SHIELD and
DESERT STORM (Excerpt) ………………………………………………………………………………….. H411ORB-685
Richard Stewart
H411ORC, The Uses of Military Power (Speech) ………………………………………………………. H411ORC-693
Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense

v

H411ORD, Air Power and Warfare: A Century of Theory and History…………………………. H411ORD-700
Tami Biddle
H411ORF, VII Corps Commander’s Intent for Operation DESERT STORM ……………………. H411ORF-706
LTG Frederick Franks

H412: Iraq and Beyond: Change and Continuity of Warfare
Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H412AS-707
Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H412AS-713
H412RA, Conclusions: Lessons of the Iraq War ………………………………………………………… H412RA-715

Chief of Staff of the Army’s Operation IRAQI FREEDOM Study Group 2013-2018
H412RF, Lost in Translation: The American Way of War …………………………………………… H412RF-737

Rose Lopez Keravuori
H412ORA, From Invasion to Insurgency ………………………………………………………………….. H412ORA-744

Chief of Staff of the Army’s Operation IRAQI FREEDOM Study Group 2013-2018
H412ORB, Echoes of Failure: Vietnam, Iraq, and the American Strategy
in Afghanistan …………………………………………………………………………………………………. H412ORB-748

Nathan A. Jennings

Annexes:
Annex A: Concise DMH Style Guide ……………………………………………………………………….. Annex A-751
Annex B: Documentation Guide ………………………………………………………………………………. Annex B-756
Annex C: Tips for Writing History Essays ………………………………………………………………… Annex C-758
Annex D: The Argumentative Essay ………………………………………………………………………… Annex D-760
Annex E: Creating a Sentence Outline ……………………………………………………………………… Annex E-761
Annex F: Simplified Basic Battle Analysis Methodology …………………………………………… Annex F-765

Note on page numbering methodology: In addition to the regular numeric sequencing of all pages
throughout this book, found after the hyphen, all pages have alpha character content identifiers preceding
the hyphen. Only readings published in this book of readings have the sequencing. Readings that are links
only are viewed by selecting the link found in the Advance Sheet’s Study Requirements.

AS — Advance Sheet
R — Required Reading, followed by alpha sequence letter within a given lesson
OR — Optional Reading, followed by alpha sequence letter within a given lesson

vi

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE
US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course
H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Preface

Experience is the foundation of all learning. The personal experience gained progressing through your
career plays a large role in shaping your professionalism. The sharing of experiences among students in
the classroom is an important and invaluable facet of the US Army Command and General Staff Officer
Course (CGSOC), adding benefit from the hard-won wisdom and practical knowledge accrued by
individuals who have seen and done things—others who have not, glean from their valuable experience.
But the benefits of shared experience are not limited to the students in your staff group. We have at our
disposal an enormous wealth of experience, extending back thousands of years, acquired by your
predecessors in the profession of arms. This collective experience encompasses every type of military
activity and reaches every corner of the globe. This treasury of knowledge is ours for the trouble of
opening a book.

The history component of the CGSOC curriculum focuses on one particular area of the military
experience—the problem of coping with change. Although there is considerable debate as to what the
military of the future will be like, it is generally conceded that the military profession is currently
undergoing significant change. It is the goal of the Department of Military History (DMH) to provide
historical insights and analytical tools that will assist each and every student in dealing with that change.
H400 focuses on evolution of warfare and doctrine from 1940 to the present. Our focus is not so much on
historical events as it is on the factors involved in military change. At the conclusion of this block, you
will have gained new perspectives on how military institutions adapt to a changing world.

RICHARD S. FAULKNER, PhD
H400 Block Author
Department of Military History
[email protected]
(913) 684-4128

GATES M. BROWN, PhD
Curriculum Developer
Department of Military History

SEAN N. KALIC, PhD
Curriculum Coordinator
Department of Military History
[email protected]
(913) 684-2073

DAVID G. COTTER, PhD
Director
Department of Military History

[email protected]
(913) 684-4110

H400

Block Advance Sheet

AY 2021–22

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-1 August 2021

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE
US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course
H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Block Advance Sheet

1. SCOPE

In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as one of the world’s two great superpowers
and the only nation with nuclear weapons. The war forced the nation to project and sustain power
globally while also serving as the “arsenal of democracy” by providing weapons, food, and other
resources for all of the other Allied powers. The nation’s global standing, strengths, capabilities and
geographic location have led historians, such as Russell Wiegley and Colin Gray, to argue that the
United States has developed its own “American Way of War”—a “default” setting for waging its
conflicts. From 1941 onward, the U.S. certainly fought in a manner befitting a wealthy and
technologically advanced nation. However, if there is an overarching “American Way of War,” it has
struggled at times to parlay its strengths into clear victories in the limited wars that the U.S. has
fought since 1945.

H400, the military history portion of AOC, explores the historical precedents to the current operating
environment. It asks whether a particularly “American Way of War” has emerged, and how our
opponents have sought to counter U.S. strengths to prevent us from achieving our political goals.
Your examination of the challenges that the nation has faced in waging wars from World War II and
onward is intended to hone your professional judgement for the remainder of your careers. H100
introduced the relationship between history, theory, and doctrine, demonstrating that doctrine never
springs fully formed from nothingness, but instead is informed by analysis of the past. H400 builds
upon this foundation. For example, the campaigns in World War II (1939-1945), particularly the
global force projection operations in the Pacific against the Japanese and the liberation of Northwest
Europe from the Nazis, form an important precedent for current thinking on U.S. operations.

To gain benefit from these lessons, try to immerse yourself into what the commander and staff knew
at the time. Understand the limitations and strengths of the organization and equipment, and see what
options were actually feasible, acceptable, and suitable. You may find that the options available were
quite limited, and the decision made was the best of a number of bad choices. It is all too easy to
identify where historic leaders made mistakes when using hindsight. Strive to place yourself into the
contingent position of the historical commander or staff—discover what they knew, and understand
their decisions were made with imperfect knowledge of the enemy and under time constraints.
Reflecting upon this constitutes the true value of these lessons.

The H400 course aims to produce officers who can understand war, the spectrum of conflict, and the
complexity of the operational environment (history, culture, ethics, and geography). The block also
helps to develop practical minded, critical, and creative thinkers who can apply solutions to so-called
“wicked” operational problems in volatile and ambiguous environments. Finally, the H400 course
enhances an officer’s ability to communicate with clarity and precision in both written and oral forms.

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-2 August 2021

GOALS

H400, The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010, supports the CGSOC (Command
and General Staff Officer Course) AOC goal to give field grade officers the skills to use, analyze, and
value history as a tool to aid professional judgment. H400 provides a forum to integrate all disciplines
associated with the CGSOC curriculum. Students will have the opportunity to assess and analyze the
emergence of an American way of war, strategy, tactics, logistics, leadership, operational art,
combined arms, and ethical considerations associated with the profession of arms. H400 demonstrates
how insights derived through the study of military history contribute to an overall staff college
education. Critical reasoning sharpens military judgment and problem-solving skills.

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

TLO-AOC-1
Action: Examine how commanders drive the operations process using the framework of understand,
visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess (UVDDLA).
Condition: In an educational setting, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the
conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and
multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK
family of products.
Prerequisite Learning objectives: TLO-CC-2, TLO-CC-3, TLO-CC-4, ELO-CC-7.1, ELO-CC-7.2,
ELO-CC-7.8. Note: Direct is included in TLO 2 and Lead is included in TLO 11.
TLO Standards (ELOs): Examination of the UVDDLA framework includes:

1. Demonstrate how commanders and staffs gain understanding of an operational environment.
2. Produce products that enable the commander to visualize the endstate of a tactical operation.
3. Examine the commander’s inputs to the operations process that describe tactical operations

and information requirements.
4. Examine the processes commanders and staffs use to assess ongoing operations.
5. Analyze how historical context influences the planning and the execution of large-scale

combat operations.
Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

ELO-AOC-1.6
Action: Analyze how historical context influences the planning and the execution of large-scale
combat operations.
Condition: In an educational setting, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the
conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and
multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK
family of products and H400 historical readings.
ELO Standards: The analysis of historical context includes:

1. Examine historical battles and campaigns.
2. Use operational variables (PMESII-PT) to describe historical context.
3. Use mission variables (METT-TC) to describe a historical action.
4. Examine decisions made by historical leaders.

Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

TLO-AOC-3
Action: Examine how staff conduct the operations process using the framework of plan, prepare,
and execute.*
Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in
the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-3 August 2021

multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK
family of products.
Prerequisite Learning objectives: TLO-CC-3, TLO-CC-4, ELO-CC-7.1, ELO-CC-7.2, ELO-CC-
7.8. *Note: Assess Operations is addressed in ELO 1.5.
TLO Standards (ELOs): The investigation of UVDDLA includes:

1. Use the military decision-making process (MDMP) to plan a tactical operation.
2. Examine the types of rehearsals the US Army uses to prepare to conduct an operation.
3. Execute simulated operations using planning products.
4. Analyze the evolution of large-scale combat operations using major concepts of key

theorists.
Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

ELO-AOC-3.4
Action: Analyze the evolution of large-scale combat operations using major concepts of key
theorists.
Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer
in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and
multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK
family of products.
ELO Standards: The analysis of the evolution of LSCO includes:

1. Examine the causes of conflict.
2. Examine historical theory.
3. Examine the evolution of US Army doctrine.
4. Describe the evolution of US Army organizations.
5. Describe the evolution of US Army equipment.
6. Examine evolution of large-scale combat operations during the 20th Century.
7. Examine evolution of large-scale combat operations during the 21st Century.

Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

TLO-AOC-5
Action: Examine how the joint force and US Army sets an operational area for large scale combat
operations.
Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in
the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint multinational environment—and given a
tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK family of products.
Prerequisite Learning objectives: TLO-CC-5, TLO-CC-11
TLO Standards (ELOs): The examination of setting an operational area for LSCO includes:

1. Develop a concept to set an operational area for LSCO.
2. Produce a course of action to move a division from a tactical assembly area into their area of

operations (AO). (See TLO 6.3)
3. Examine how special operations forces integrate into large scale combat operations (LSCO).
4. Analyze the historical context of operational readiness.

Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

ELO-AOC-5.4
Action: Analyze the historical context of operational readiness.
Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer
in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and
multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK
family of products.
ELO Standards: The analysis includes:

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-4 August 2021

1. Analyze historical examples of the importance of maintaining peace time readiness.
2. Analyze the challenges in historical case studies of preparing for LSCO.
3. Analyze, using historical context, the process of deploying units to a combat theater.
4. Analyze the JRSOI process …