Running Head: WILLIAM EUGENE BLACKSTONE ASSIGNMENT 1

WILLIAM EUGENE BLACKSTONE ASSIGNMENT 2

Comment by Christina: Hi salim, and welcome to the Online Writing Center (OWC).
My name is Christina, and I will be reviewing your paper. I cannot edit the paper for you, but I will make some helpful suggestions and point out opportunities for improvement. I cannot point out every instance of every issue, so please take those I do point out and use them as examples of the kinds of things you can look for during your revising and editing. When you see the words “apply throughout,” this means that I will no longer comment on this type of error. You will need to locate and correct other errors of this type throughout the remainder of your paper.
Be sure to review the Turabian formatting requirements before submitting your paper for final grading. Compare your paper against both the template from your professor and the Liberty requirements for formatting. There is a great online resource for the basics of Turabian formatting at https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/index.cfm?PID=11954.

I hope these comments help!

Thanks for using the OWC,

Christina

Comment by Christina: Unlike APA, Turabian format does not use the page header for title information (Turabian A.1, A.2). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout.

salim

William Eugene Blackstone Assignment.

Professor:

Date. Comment by Christina: The pages of your paper should be numbered, including the bibliography pages. Page numbers before the first page of the text should be in lower case Roman numerals, centered, in the footer at the bottom of the page, with the title page being page i although not numbered. The pages of the body text and back matter should be numbered in Arabic numerals, flush-right in the header at the top of the page (Turabian A.1.4). See the OWC Turabian Template for more help. 
Apply throughout.

Overview.

As per William Eugene Blackstone, the protestant reformation anticipated in the sixteenth century created some light that restoration of the Jewish was critical and significant as per true prophecies about end times and the which was to be signified the second coming of the Messiah. Despite many contributions William Eugene Blackstone had to people of the US and many other nations, as we talk today, the man may be considered as one the people who led to serious changes in various aspects of human life through his push and efforts to preach about Jesus coming and all good news about God the giver and the creator. From the reading provided for the assignment, it is clear that William Eugene Blackstone brought tremendous social changes between the late 19th century and early 20th century. All these social changes were spearheaded by his mission to support and perhaps ensure Jewish restoration. Being a renowned evangelist, Zionist, and perhaps an author of the famous book Jesus is coming, William Eugene Blackstone fought effortlessly and launched several petitions of various US presidents and famous dignitaries with the focus of pushing his agenda of promoting social change more so to the Jewish community. Among the petitions spearheaded by him also sought to get support for his Zionist movement. His actions through the Zionist movement were recognized politically across various parts of America; even if his roles and efforts have for a long time remained unknown to many people who hear about him, it should be said that indeed he immensely contributed to the social changes that led to the Jewish restoration across the world[footnoteRef:1]. Comment by Christina: A proper noun and any derivative adjectives are always capitalized; however, the preceding article is not. For example, capitalize “the Empire State Building.” The OWC website has a presentation on capitalization here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Capitalization.pdf.  Comment by Christina: Passive verb constructions are useful when the subject of an action is not as important as what the subject did (the action of the sentence) or when the subject is unknown, however, it should be avoided whenever possible. A form of the verb to be is combined with a past participle to form the passive. For example, “The professor was assaulted in the hallways.” The to be will change form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural. The to be will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect of the verb (simple, progressive, perfect).
See the OWC’s presentation on passive voice for additional assistance: verbs
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: If you are using the numeric version of the ordinal numbers the ‘th’ should not be superscript but should be normal 12-point Times New Roman. In MSWord it will be autocorrected to the superscript unless you change your settings. To change this: go to Options > Proofing > Autocorrect to turn off the superscript setting for ordinals in AutoFormat and AutoFormat As You Type. Check out the writing resources on the OWC website.
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs immediately after the period ending the sentence containing the material being referenced (Turabian 25.2.1.1). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs at the bottom of the page on which it is referenced (Turabian 16.3.4). Turabian formatting requires footnotes to be normal style and a standard black Times New Roman font size 10 throughout. They are to be numbered consecutively by a superscript Arabic numeral and single-spaced with an extra line between footnotes. They are to be left justified with the first line is indented 0.5”. The authors’ names are given in conventional order, first name first. Use of the abbreviations p. or pp. for page or pages is not needed. See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout. [1: American Zionist Emergency Council and the Christian Zoinists “The Politics of Christian Zionism,” 138-156]

Based on the question, this research paper will provide extensive facts what the religious ideas, historical events, and beliefs that motivated William Eugene Blackstone to support Jewish restoration. Besides that, the paper will also cover some of the long-term impacts of the William Eugene Blackstone beliefs as well as policy recommendations for the diaspora Jewry and the USFP in the middle east. Finally, the discussion appears will further provide a brief description and explanation on the extent to which William Eugene Blackstone’s beliefs and policy recommendation may be relevant to the USFP in today’s world. Comment by Christina: Acronyms are a type of abbreviation and should follow the same guidelines (APA 6.24-25; Turabian 24). Spell out what the initials stand for upon first use, followed by the acronym in parentheses. You should then use the acronym by itself in future instances. For example, “International Business Machines (IBM).” Check out the writing resources on the OWC website. 
Apply throughout.

What religious ideas, beliefs, and historic events motivated him to support Jewish restoration? Be specific enough to help the reader understand what he believed and why. Comment by Christina: Turabian headings are to be centered normal style and a boldface Times New Roman font size 12 point. Triple space before and double space between and after. Triple spacing indicates two blank single-spaced lines before each heading. Double spacing indicates one blank single-spaced line after each heading. Ensure the paragraph indent is set to “0” (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
Apply throughout.

As mentioned early, William Eugene Blackstone was a popular American Christian Zionist and evangelist whose efforts were geared towards promoting social changes via the Zion movement along with the ideologies that he strongly believed in. according to his ideologies, William Eugene Blackstone held that liberty never required prior restraint of the press[footnoteRef:2]. As an author and a renowned evangelist, William Eugene Blackstone founded the American colony in Jerusalem along with Chicago Hebrew mission, and upon writing his famous and most selling book “ Jesus is coming,” William Eugene Blackstone was motivated by his work as a Bible teacher to not only preach about the second coming of Jesus but also make use of stated scriptures to show the need of restoring the Israelites to Canaan to pave ways for the reestablishment and re-building of Jerusalem. Through William Eugene Blackstone scriptures and teachings, he was able to convince the people about true prophecies which spoke of the Messiah’s first coming and further used his evangelical ideas to show that there was a great need for the restoration of the Jewish in preparation of the second coming of the Messiah[footnoteRef:3]. Comment by Christina: Footnotes for books must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Publisher’s City, Publisher’s State [unless city is well-known]: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), page number(s) (Turabian 17.1.1). For example: 
 
1 Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), 182. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Footnotes for journal articles must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, issue no. (date of publication): page number(s) (Turabian 17.2). For example: 
 
1 John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393, no. 1 (1998): 639–40. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
 

It is not clear which type of source this based on the current formatting. Please see the resources above to determine the correct formatting necessary for each source in your paper.

Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: There is no space between the quotation marks and the quotation they are enclosing. Check out the writing resources on the OWC website.  Comment by Christina: Book, journal, magazine, newspaper, long musical compositions, and movie titles are to be italicized. They are not underlined, boldfaced, or enclosed in quotation marks (Turabian 22.3.2.1-2). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Christina: The second (and subsequent), non-consecutive time a source is cited, the author’s last name, a shortened form of the book title in italics, and the page number are used. For brevity, the shortened form of the title may be omitted if there are no other titles by the same author (Turabian 16.4.1). For example:  
 
1 Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 (Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, 1997), 182. 
 
2 Allen C. Myers, The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987), 873. 
 
3 Roberts, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, 230. 
 
4 Myers, 873. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 

The type of citation you have here is only to be used for the second, non-consecutive citation. Please see the above resources to help ensure correct citation formatting.
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: There should be a full single blank line between footnotes (Turabian 16.3.4.1). There are several helpful resources on the Turabian format on the OWC website at: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/turabian/quick-guide/ 
Apply throughout. [2:  Yaakov Ariel, “An American initiative for a Jewish state: William Blackstone and the petition of 1891,” 125-137] [3: Matar, “Milton and the Idea of the Restoration of the Jews,” 109]

According to his ideas Biblical beliefs, Blackstone holds that as taught by the Holy book of God in Genesis 12:2-3 through the covenant that God had made with Abraham as the father of nations, it was evident in the Bible that indeed Israel was the original homeland of the Jewish. This religious idea motivated Blackstone to support the restoration of the Jewish as provided in God’s word.

As per Blackstone’s religious and ideological point of view, the link between the messianic protestants and the Jews can be attributed to a marriage of convenience. But the Jewish have never been able to establish the link between the servant of our Lord and the king with the government. In his philosophical and religious teaching, Blackstone believes a strong connection between the said entities. As we talk today, Blackstone’s efforts have been highly recognized to the extent that some of the places in Israel have been named after him as a sign of honoring his immense work towards the liberation of the Jewish as provided in the Holly readings. Comment by Christina: Avoid beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, and yet in formal academic writing because doing so tends to give the writing an informal tone. Consider rewording. There is an excellent worksheet on sentence construction here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf  

Another factor that motivated him to support and perhaps work towards restoring the Jewish was the contribution of bible translators who translated the Bible into numerous languages. This aspect enables him to teach the Jewish and many other people more about different scriptures as portrayed in the teachings of God through the Bible without and dependence on the influence of the clergy. It must also be known that by the time Mr. William Eugene Blackstone was born, much had been done in the ministry of religion. Unlike the time before his reign when Bibles were not easily accessible, and if accessed had no interpretation, during the time he was born, accessibility to Bible and other religious related books had become easily accessible with a wide range of interpretation in a different language[footnoteRef:4]. This also facilitated his move to support the restoration of the Jewish as n the word of God through the various conniving scriptures and prophesies; he established the connection between the Jewish liberation and the second coming of the Messiah to restore the entire world. Comment by Christina: This is an overused pronoun. Be careful in its use that the reader can see to what noun “this” is referring and avoid beginning sentences with this. In this case, this seems to be referring to “ ,” but you apparently mean this to refer to “ .” See GrammarBook.com for more information.

A pronoun – a word such as she, yourself, her, it, this, who, or which – should clearly refer to the word or words it replaces (called the antecedent) elsewhere in the sentence or in a previous sentence. If more than one word could be the antecedent or if no specific antecedent is present in the sentence, edit to make the meaning clear.

For example, “Transmitting radio signals by satellite is a way of overcoming the problem of scarce airwaves and limiting how they are used.” Does “they” refer to “signals” or “airwaves”? Instead, the following should be used: “Transmitting radio signals by satellite is a way of overcoming the problem of scarce airwaves and limiting how the airwaves are used.”

Consider another example: “The company prohibited smoking, which many employees resented.” To what does “which” refer? Instead, the correct alternative would be “The company prohibited smoking, a policy many employees resented.” See the OWC’s resource on pronoun-antecedent agreement: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Pronoun-Antecedent_Agreement.pdf.
Apply throughout. [4: Rosemary R. Ruether, “Christian Zionism and Mainline Western Christian Churches,” 179-190]

It is also imperative to note that William Eugene Blackstone never attended divinity schools, and this is among the factors that contributed to his success in whatever he was looking into as he fought endlessly for the restoration of the Jewish. Hi used his own ideology to shape his mission, vision, and understanding of the Bible. The existence of the freedom on various interpretations of the Bible gives him morale to continue to focus on the teaching of the Bible about the second coming of the Messiah and the great need to reach out the restoration of the Jewish in preparing for the end times. According to his religious ideologies, William Eugene Blackstone believed that the Jewish played a critical role in the end times, and this meant that he was to keep pushing and enlightening the world about the essence of Jewish restoration. Comment by Christina: Review word choice/spelling. Consider revising.

Through the story and EB findings of the William Eugene Blackstone, it must be recognized that during the early nineteenth century, William Eugene Blackstone, many Christians had not yet discovered about practical existence of the bible teaching about land ownership as provided in the book of Genesis when God made an agreement with Abraham. Lack of this knowledge made him extensively read the Bible and finally made the decision to start a journey along with his daughter through the middle east with the aim to discover Biblical lands as quoted in various scriptures of the Bible. As part of the multitude of Christians who traveled to Palestine, William Eugene Blackstone collected first-hand information about the biblical allusions that claimed land ownership by the Jewish. Perhaps the journey to Palestine also provided him with more insights into the truth of the promised land as provided in the Bible. He was further motivated by the travel and the information acquired during the journey and later on formed the Zionist movement, whose main ambitions were to support the restoration of the Jewish Comment by Christina: Every sentence must end in a single terminal punctuation (period, question mark, or exclamation point). There is an excellent worksheet on sentence construction here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf 

Moreover, it can be argued that the influence he got from Palestine visits upon realizing how the ant-Semitism culture that was highly practiced in eastern Europe and Russian made him keep pressing for the restoration of the Jewish. from said culture William Eugene Blackstone learned that the Jewish were subjected to extreme suffering, and this attracted his attention and gave him more vigor to support the restoration of the Jewish[footnoteRef:5]. Worth mentioning is that the existence of institutions that were majorly created to facilitate Jewish discrimination also made him continue pushing for various petitions in America to help save the suffering Jewish from the bondage of the hands of the Russians. Comment by Christina: A pronoun must agree with the noun to which it refers (called the antecedent) in gender, person, and number. For example, instead of “The pastor had to quiet their congregation,” the correct alternative would be “The pastor had to quiet his (or her) congregation.” See the OWC’s resource on pronoun-antecedent agreement: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Pronoun-Antecedent_Agreement.pdf.  Comment by Christina: Always capitalize the first word of a sentence. See the resources on capitalization on the OWC’s website for additional guidance: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/writing-aids/   [5: Robert O. Smith, “Conclusion Christian Zionism from the cartwright petition to American empire,” 187]

As provided in many readings during this time, even the Russian orthodox church, along with its Christians, had declared war with the Jewish. They demanded that the Jewish had only one option: convert to Christians, die, or flee for their safety. One of the countries where the Jewish had suffered much other than any other country was Russia, and the suffrage escalated to the extent that the Jewish were even deprived of their private and public rights. In addition to the horrific experiences the Jewish underwent during those times shook the attention of William Eugene Blackstone, and with no time wasted, he felt that enough was enough. It was time for liberation and restoration of the Jewish.

Lastly, I can also be added that William Eugene Blackstone was also motivated by the Zionist movement as its basis and ideas were all built from the Biblical point of view. As may be known to all Christians, the term restoration has been quieted in religious books several times. Both the orthodox and the catholic churches within the Eastern region in Europe strongly held that the Jewish were not beloved members of God since they rejected and finally crucified the son of God. On the other hand, the dispensationalist Christians believed that the return of the Jews to the Palestine land was significant to them as it marked the preparation for the second coming of the Messiah as it was related to the 1000-year rule of the sone of after the result of Jerusalem. Comment by Christina: Review word choice/spelling. Consider revising.

What were some of the longer-term consequences of his beliefs and policy recommendations for Diaspora Jewry on the one hand and USFP in the Middle East on the other? Be critical here—does it seem that WEB really understood the consequences of his ideas for the Palestinian locals—Jewish, Muslim, or Christian?

After his return from the journey to Palestine, he became actively engaged in propagating and pushing for his Zionist agender to the key leaders of America and dignitaries. Through his efforts and beliefs, William Eugene Blackstone’s work enlightened American colonists the American rights using the English common laws since his efforts to fight for the oppressed made the said laws approachable. William Eugene was at the frontline among other philosophers who fought for the development and establishment of the common law. In addition to that, he also used his position as an evangelist and an author to articulate the grievances of the less privileged and discriminate people in the society[footnoteRef:6]. In his ways, his work helped to elucidate the rights of the minority against the oppression from the government. This further facilitated incorporation of various constitutional amendments to help protect liberty from the actions of a few leaders who were superior to other humans. Comment by Christina: Turabian 22.3.1 states, “Both citation styles (author-date and notes-bibliography) require headline style capitalization for English-language titles… regardless of how they appear in the original.” Headline-style capitalization, also called title case, means that the main words are capitalized and the “less important” words are lowercased. For example, “Vietnam: Lessons from the War.” See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  [6: Mayir Vreté, “The restoration of the Jews in English protestant thought 1790–1840,” 45]

As of today, his work a few has been highly appreciated and recognized both in Israel, Palestine, Europe, and many other parts of the world due to his contribution to the restoration of the Jewish as well as his pioneered thoughts of natural law, religious tolerance, social change and right to revolution. His deep conviction and belief that soon than later, great things would happen before the second coming of Messiah, he decided to take full charge of ensuring that the Jewish could be restored to Palestine, and in 1891 he urged President Harrison to call for an international conference of major world powers and during that time over 400 senior and prominent people in American signed the petition to push for the restoration of the Jewish. he actively pushed for the signing of the petition for international powers to help the Jews feel free of oppression and discrimination. Through his endless efforts to fight for the end of oppression and discrimination, it can be said one of the long-term impacts of his work was to promote a remarkable social change both internationally and locally.

Are his beliefs and policy recommendations still relevant to USFP today? WEB clearly left a legacy in the US and Palestine. Can you talk about this, whether positive, negative or both?

The beliefs and policy recommendations that were put forth have been of great use in the US and many other nations of the world[footnoteRef:7]. For example, the American foreign policy that was a product of his recommendation has been in existence and played the role of maintaining a close link and relationship between the US and Israel. Up to date, the said policy has never changed. All along through his contribution, the US has remained very supportive of Israel as a nation. This has continued to shape how the two countries operate in terms of economy, politics, and promotion of peace between the US and Israel. Finally, his religious beliefs through Christianity, political forces, and Zionism, the clergy have always remained at the forefront to fight for human rights based on the scriptures used by William Eugene Blackstone in his work. Comment by Christina: To communicate your ideas clearly, you must place a modifier directly next to the word it is supposed to modify. The modifier should clearly refer to a specific word in the sentence. For example, instead of, “At eight years old, my father gave me a pony for Christmas.” Assuming the father was not eight years old, the sentence should be rewritten: “When I was eight years old, my father gave me a pony for Christmas.” See the OWC’s article on misplaced modifiers: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Misplaced_Modifiers.ppt  

Consider revising to avoid confusion with the various influences that speak about in this sentence. [7: Rosemary R. Ruether, “Christian Zionism and Mainline Western Christian Churches,” 179-190 ]

Bibliography

“American Zionist Emergency Council and the Christian Zoinists.” The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891-1948, 2012, 138-156. doi:10.4324/9780203044605-19. Comment by Christina: Bibliographic entries should be left justified, single-spaced, unnumbered, and alphabetized by the first author’s last name. Lines after the first are to be indented .05”. Use normal style and a standard black Times New Roman font size 12. Using MS Word’s “Format Paragraph”>“Special Indentation”>“Hanging” makes this easier. Double space between entries (Turabian A.2.3.5). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Ariel, Yaakov. “An American initiative for a Jewish state: William Blackstone and the petition of 1891.” Studies in Zionism 10, no. 2 (1989), 125-137. doi:10.1080/13531048908575951.

Blackstone, William. “[Letter from William Blackstone to the Earl of Reading].” Harvard Law Review 32, no. 8 (1919), 974. doi:10.2307/1327108.

Matar, N. I. “Milton and the Idea of the Restoration of the Jews.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 27, no. 1 (1987), 109. doi:10.2307/450643.

Ruether, Rosemary R. “Christian Zionism and Mainline Western Christian Churches.” Comprehending Christian Zionism, 2014, 179-190. …

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Comment by Christina: Hi Salim, and welcome to the Online Writing Center (OWC).
My name is Christina, and I will be reviewing your paper. I cannot edit the paper for you, but I will make some helpful suggestions and point out opportunities for improvement. I cannot point out every instance of every issue, so please take those I do point out and use them as examples of the kinds of things you can look for during your revising and editing. When you see the words “apply throughout,” this means that I will no longer comment on this type of error. You will need to locate and correct other errors of this type throughout the remainder of your paper.
Be sure to review the Turabian formatting requirements before submitting your paper for final grading. Compare your paper against both the template from your professor and the Liberty requirements for formatting. There is a great online resource for the basics of Turabian formatting at https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/index.cfm?PID=11954.

I hope these comments help!

Thanks for using the OWC,

Christina Comment by Christina: Liberty now uses a standard title page for all programs. Please check your title page against the sample page on the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. Comment by Christina: The pages of your paper should be numbered, including the bibliography pages. Page numbers before the first page of the text should be in lower case Roman numerals, centered, in the footer at the bottom of the page, with the title page being page i although not numbered. The pages of the body text and back matter should be numbered in Arabic numerals, flush-right in the header at the top of the page (Turabian A.1.4). See the OWC Turabian Template for more help. 
Apply throughout.

SALIM

Liberty University

Course

The Presidency, Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy

The
Presidency, Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy Comment by Christina: Unlike APA, Turabian format does not include the title of the paper on the first page of text (Turabian A.2.2). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.   Comment by Christina: Turabian formatting requires normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12 black color throughout. Paragraphs are to be left justified, double-spaced with no extra line spacing between paragraphs, and indented 0.5”. Using MS Word’s “Home” “Paragraph” makes formatting easier. Change the spacing before and after to “0” (Turabian A.1.3). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Turabian headings are to be centered normal style and a boldface Times New Roman font size 12 point. Triple space before and double space between and after. Triple spacing indicates two blank single-spaced lines before each heading. Double spacing indicates one blank single-spaced line after each heading. Ensure the paragraph indent is set to “0” (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
Apply throughout.

Introduction Comment by Christina: First level section headings are centered, boldface or italic type, with headline-style (major words are capitalized) capitalization. Ensure the paragraph indent is set to “0” (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
 
 
Second level section headings are centered with headline-style capitalization (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
 
 
Third level section headings are flush-left, boldface, with headline-style capitalization (major words are capitalized). (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
 
 
Fourth level section headings are flush-left with sentence-style capitalization (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 
 
 
Fifth level section headings are run-in (indented), italics, with sentence-style capitalization, followed by a period (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples. 

Consider checking which level you are trying to create here and revise accordingly.

The National Security Council is one of the most critical decisions a president-elect must make (NSC). It is imperative that the organization’s principal, important job be re-evaluated today. It has become more like an agency than a presidential staff as the NSC has increased in size. It’s buried in policy minutiae and mostly concerned with the here and now. Because of its lack of focus, it cannot fulfill the crucial role that it alone can accomplish organizing the policy process so that, at the same time, agencies receive a fair hearing while the president can make clear foreign policy decisions in a timely fashion. President-elect Trump has a responsibility to guarantee that this vital role is reinstated (Viveash 2020 p. 49). Cut the NSC’s size, streamline its structure, and increase its seniority in order to accomplish this. Comment by Christina: Passive verb constructions are useful when the subject of an action is not as important as what the subject did (the action of the sentence) or when the subject is unknown, however, it should be avoided whenever possible. A form of the verb to be is combined with a past participle to form the passive. For example, “The professor was assaulted in the hallways.” The to be will change form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural. The to be will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect of the verb (simple, progressive, perfect).
See the OWC’s presentation on passive voice for additional assistance: verbs
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A contraction is the shortening of a word, syllable, or word group by omission of a sound or letter. Contractions are generally to be avoided in academic writing, as they tend to give the writing an informal tone. For example, replace didn’t with did not, can’t with cannot, and it’s with it is. Refer to  https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/12/contractions-in-formal-writing-whats-allowed-whats-not.html for further guidance. 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Liberty University only allows citations in notes-bibliography format (except for book reviews, which may use author-date format). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs at the bottom of the page on which it is referenced (Turabian 16.3.4). Turabian formatting requires footnotes to be normal style and a standard black Times New Roman font size 10 throughout. They are to be numbered consecutively by a superscript Arabic numeral and single-spaced with an extra line between footnotes. They are to be left justified with the first line is indented 0.5”. The authors’ names are given in conventional order, first name first. Use of the abbreviations p. or pp. for page or pages is not needed. See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
 
 
Footnotes belong at the bottom of the page separated from the body of the page by a short line of underscores. Using MS Word’s “Reference” “Insert Footnote” makes formatting easier. See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Footnotes for online journal articles must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (Issue date): page number(s), URL  (Turabian 17.2). For example:  
 
1 Robert H. Ferrell, “Truman’s Place in History,” Reviews in American History 18, no. 1 (March 1990): 8-9, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2702718. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 
Apply throughout.

Foreign policy’s objective is to manage the country’s relationships with other countries throughout the world. Rather than being the result of a single action or decision, policy is the outcome of a course of action or a long-term pattern of behavior. Numerous presidents, as well as cabinet secretaries, members of the House and Senate, and workers of foreign policy agencies, have all played a role in developing US policy toward Russia. In other words, policymaking is not accidental; rather, it is purpose driven (Viveash 2020 p. 49). Comment by Christina: Consistency is key in academic writing. You have used this term both with and without punctuation. Either way is appropriate. Consider choosing one and revising throughout.
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Hyphenate compound adjectives (AMA 8.3.1; APA 6.12; Turabian 20.3). For example, instead of “He was self motivated,” the correct alternative would be “He was self-motivated.” See GrammarBook.com for more information. 

[footnoteRef:1] [1: David Viveash,. “Has President Trump Killed The Middle East Peace Process?”. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27, no. 1(2020) :49-61. doi:10.1080/11926422.2020.1842219]

The United States is justified in entering into an international agreement with another country on a specific issue, such as free trade or nuclear disarmament. After establishing a broad understanding of policy, we’ll turn our attention to US foreign policy. Comment by Christina: According to Turabian 11.1.7, the use of first person is to be avoided in formal academic writing, especially in research papers. 
Two uses of first person should be avoided: 
Insecure writers begin too many sentences with I think or I believe (or their equivalent In my opinion). Readers assume you think and believe what you write, so you don’t have to say so. 
Inexperienced writers too often narrate their research: First, I consulted…, then I examined…, and so on. Researchers care less about the story of your research than about its results. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Challenges that President faces in working with NSC

Challenge 1: NSC is a bureaucracy that cannot be easily moved and would influence executive power.

The NSC was introduced in order to offer advisory services to the executive concerning issues of security and foreign policies. The NSC has undergone various transformations that include being empowered and increased staffing is experienced. The National Security Council is composed of three components: an advisory body, a national security advisor, and a professional staff. The 1947 Act established the National Security Council to advise the president on integrating domestic, international, and military policies affecting all facets of national security (Hastedt, 2014). The Presidents found it difficult to deal with the NSC since it has policies and procedures that have an effect on executive power. The NSC has undergone four phases before the President Trump administration, and this is when it altered the manner in which foreign policy problems come to the president. Comment by Christina: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (parts that could stand alone as a sentence). A comma is used before the coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet) joining two independent clauses. For example, instead of “Eddie went to the game and I stayed home,” the correct alternative would be “Eddie went to the game, and I stayed home.” In very short sentences, the comma is optional if the sentence can easily be understood without it; however, you will never be wrong to use a comma. There is an excellent presentation on comma usage on the OWC’s website:  https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf 
Apply throughout.

[footnoteRef:2] Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs immediately after the period ending the sentence containing the material being referenced (Turabian 25.2.1.1). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Christina: Footnotes for books must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Publisher’s City, Publisher’s State [unless city is well-known]: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), page number(s) (Turabian 17.1.1). For example: 
 
1 Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), 182. 
 
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  [2: Glenn P. Hastedt, American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, And Future, 10th ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.]

In a scenario like the one of President Trump administration is an indication that the powers of the president in the executive have been affected and this is what contributes to presidents finding it challenging working with NSC. Experience has taught presidents that bureaucracies cannot be easily removed and the moment they get the power and influence it needs then the presidents in power have no option but to follow them as stated. Presidents have been forced to think outside the existing bureaucracies that are in place in coming up with other organizations that gives them the power to lead. Truman believed that the president has the power to make the foreign policy decisions but it was not the case, the president’s power is influenced by the NSC. Eisenhower maintained the National Security Council’s institutionalization and inclusion in policymaking by establishing a Planning Board to provide policy recommendations to the president and an Operations Coordinating Board to oversee the implementation of national security decisions. Eisenhower also established the position of assistant for national security affairs (commonly referred to as the president’s national security advisor) to facilitate the coordination of national security policy decisions. This NSC system was never designed to function properly (Hastedt, 2014, p.194). Rather than generating sound policy recommendations, the lowest common denominator of agreement was used to make decisions. Rather than broadening presidential possibilities, it actually reduced them. Policy implementation continued to be governed by departmental objectives and problem definitions, rather than by presidential objectives and perspectives. Comment by Christina: Apostrophes should be used for the possessive form (“Bobbi’s use of apostrophes is correct”), with few exceptions. It is incorrect to use the singular form to indicate possession (“Bobbi use of singular is incorrect”). It is incorrect to use the plural form to indicate possession (“Bobbis use of plural is incorrect”). It is incorrect to use the plural possessive form to indicate singular possession (“Bobbis’ use of plural possessive is incorrect”). The OWC has a helpful resource on apostrophes here:  https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/writing-aids/ 
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: The subject and verb must agree in number (i.e., singular or plural). A plural subject requires a plural verb. For example, instead of “Betty and I is going to the mall,” the correct alternative would be “Betty and I are going to the mall.” See this presentation for more information: verbs
Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A comma splice is a specific kind of run-on sentence which incorrectly joins two or more independent clauses using only a comma. The following is a simple example of a comma splice, along with 5 ways to correct it: 
 
Incorrect: Rachel is very smart, she began reading when she was 3 years old. 
Method 1: Use a period and a capital letter to separate the clauses into 2 sentences. Rachel is very smart. She began reading when she was 3 years old.  
Method 2: Replace the comma with a semicolon. Rachel is very smart; she began reading when she was 3 years old.  
Method 3: Insert a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet). Rachel is very smart, and she began reading when she was 3 years old.  
Method 4: Use a subordinating conjunction to reduce one of the clauses to an incomplete thought. Because Rachel is very smart, she began reading when she was 3 years old. 
Method 5: Add a semicolon and a transitional word or phrase (however, moreover, on the other hand, nevertheless, etc.) before the comma. Rachel is very smart; as a result, she began reading when she was 3 years old. 
 
There is a helpful resource on comma splices on the OWC’s website: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Run-on_Sentences.pdf  Comment by Christina: A definite article is used to indicate a specific or particular noun. For example, instead of “Mary went over to car and got in,” or, “Mary went over to a car and got in,” the correct alternative would be “Mary went over to the car and got in.” This indicates Mary got into a specific car. There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf  

[footnoteRef:3] [3: Hastedt, American Foreign Policy, 194
]

The presidents have been seeking for a power and influence on the executive powers and influence of the foreign policies and decisions that are likely to be undermined by the bureaucracy brought by NSC. There was a challenge before about the decisions that the presidents mane about the foreign policy and a good example is the scenario where President Obama developed a foreign policy on immigrants that the courts termed it unconstitutional and the Supreme Court upheld the decision. The president finds it difficult relying on the NSC on important decisions like the foreign policy where a minor misadvise would ruin their legacy. The presidents have a short period of time making decisions under the 100 days in office and they cannot give the mandate to NSC to make the foreign policy decisions and advise that would take time and fails to meet the presidents’ expectations. Comment by Christina: Many words in English are regularly used with a particular preposition to express a particular meaning. Throwing a ball to someone is different from throwing a ball at someone. Because many prepositions are short and not stressed or pronounced clearly in speech, they are often accidentally inserted, left out, or mixed up in writing. Check out the writing resources on the OWC website.  Comment by Christina: An article is unnecessary when a noun is general rather than specific. For example, instead of “The milk tastes great with chocolate chip cookies,” the correct alternative would be “Milk tastes great with chocolate chip cookies.” There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf   Comment by Christina: Review word choice/spelling. Consider revising. Comment by Christina: A pronoun must agree with the noun to which it refers (called the antecedent) in gender, person, and number. For example, instead of “The pastor had to quiet their congregation,” the correct alternative would be “The pastor had to quiet his (or her) congregation.” See the OWC’s resource on pronoun-antecedent agreement: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Pronoun-Antecedent_Agreement.pdf.  Comment by Christina: An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest “stem” form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing. For example: “To sleep (noun-subject) was all the Raymond desired.” “Whenever that song plays on the radio, Eleanor refuses to dance (noun-direct object). “Abraham brought home a book to read (adjective).” “Alberta endured the thunderstorm to throw (adverb) the smelly trash into the dumpster.” See this helpful resource for more information: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-participles  Comment by Christina: To advise is a verb meaning “to give counsel, or to recommend.” Advice is a noun meaning “recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct.” For example, “The cabinet advised the president to proceed with extreme caution.” “The president heeded their advice.” See GrammarBook.com for more information. 
Apply throughout.

Challenge 2: Misunderstanding about the mandates of NSC and the Defense Department

Presidents finds it challenging in making the decision about who to work within the executive because there is the Department of Defense and the NSC that have the mandate on the matter of national security and the moment the president rely on one body creates disagreements (Menshikova 2019). There are scenarios where Presidents finds it successful working with the different bodies and maintain good relationship. Comment by Christina: The structure of this sentence is so complicated that its meaning gets lost or confused. Consider simplifying. There is an excellent worksheet on sentence construction here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf  Comment by Christina: A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. For example, “Winning isn’t everything; winning is the only thing!” See this helpful resource for more information: [https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-participles]  Comment by Christina: An indefinite article is used when indicating a non-specific noun rather than a specific noun. Also, “an” is used before words beginning with a vowel sound and “a” before words beginning with a consonant sound. For example, instead of “Rob made bad decision,” the correct alternative would be “Rob made a bad decision.” However, instead of “The car made awful sound,” the correct alternative would be “The car made an awful sound.” There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf  

[footnoteRef:4] [4: Menshikova, Anna. “Priorities Of Foreign-Economic D. Trump&Apos;S Policy: Stated Goals And Reached Results”. Russia And America In The 21St Century, 2019, 0. doi:10.18254/s207054760005323-2.
]

Despite some critics’ assertions that Condoleezza Rice allowed the Defense Department to dominate policymaking during President Bush’s first term, the majority of people agree that she had a positive working relationship with the President and was an effective public spokesperson during that time period. Hadley made few public appearances when questioned about the NSC staff’s role in overseeing NSC decisions. Additionally, he has been credited for orchestrating a review of Iraqi policy that resulted in significant changes, as previously indicated. It works well when the president performs well and has a positive connection with the National Security Council, but when there are misunderstandings; productivity suffers (Roele 2017). Brzezinski’s rivalry with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance was not publicly apparent during the Carter Administration’s first year; however, as senior Administration officials recommended divergent responses to issues such as Soviet and Cuban activities in Africa and the Iranian hostage crisis, reports of tensions between the two men increased in the second year. Comment by Christina: Never use a semicolon to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause.  There is an excellent worksheet on semicolon use here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Semicolons.pdf 

Differences between Vance and Brzezinski at the end of the administration were largely regarded to have contributed to poor and vacillating policymaking. Henry Kissinger, the National Security Adviser under President Nixon, and the Secretaries of State and Defense had previously battled. As a result of Nixon’s preference for Kissinger’s counsel, foreign policy never stalled, and new ideas were developed. Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, was torn between Brzezinski and Vance, and the two were frequently in opposition to one another (Roele 2017).

[footnoteRef:5] [5: Isobel mname Roele,. “Security Council Working Methods: Working Together for Collective Security”. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3097166.
6 Roele 2017
7 Kent Harrington,. “Commentary: The Biggest Challenge For The National Security Council Isn’T North Korea Or Russia. It’S Trump.”. U.S., Last modified 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-national-security-council-commentary-idUSKBN1711ZN.
8 Lukas Böller and Florian. “From Washington Without Love: Congressional Foreign Policy Making And US-Russian Relations Under President Trump”. Contemporary Politics 26, no. 1 (2019): 17-37. doi:10.1080/13569775.2019.1617655.

]

Senator Edmund Muskie succeeded Vance in April 1980, following Vance’s resignation for his opposition to the ill-fated Iranian hostage rescue operation. After Brzezinski’s public involvement in policymaking became a source of contention, calls for Senate confirmation of National Security Council advisers and tighter legislative oversight arose (Harrington, 2017). There were also reports of infighting on the National Security Council personnel between Carter loyalists and those who worked for Vice President Walter Mondale, who had been assigned a key policy position.

Challenge 3: Presidents finds it difficult to take NSC advises that is against their campaign promises

There are scenarios that the NSC decisions about foreign policies are different from what the presidents believe that they deserve to be …