BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 1 Discussion
Strategy to Succeed and Homeostasis
Anatomy and Physiology can be a daunting (but also exciting!) course. We will cover every body system in this course and Anatomy and Physiology II. It’s a good idea to take a moment this week to self-reflect and get yourself organized for the upcoming term.
Throughout this course, we will often return to a common principle which regulates the human body: homeostasis. For your discussion post, provide one example of homeostasis within the body. Provide a brief 3-4 sentence explanation of the example you choose.
Additionally, identify and discuss 1-2 obstacles you may face with this course while learning anatomy and physiology. Examples may include being new to online learning, time management issues, personal or family commitments, test anxiety, etc.
In your reply post, provide suggestions for the obstacles your peers have identified. Share what has worked for you in past courses or suggest a resource or study skill that might help your classmates be successful in overcoming their challenges. Don’t forget to include resources that are available through Rasmussen College’s Library Learning services, online, and/or through a mobile device.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 2 Discussion
Sunscreen Effectiveness – Natural vs. Chemical
The American Academy of Dermatology (2018) states that skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. Protecting our skin from harmful ultraviolet rays is imperative. However, the human body does benefit from a mild to moderate amount of UV radiation.
What is the best way to protect your skin from sun-related damage? What are the advantages and disadvantages to sunscreens containing common active ingredients such as oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalate? Are there benefits to using mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide? How effective are natural sunscreens, such as coconut oil or shea butter? If a sunscreen product is not regulated by the FDA, how can you determine if the product’s claims are true?
Reference
American Academy of Dermatology. (2018). Skin Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/media/stats/conditions/skin-cancer
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 3 Discussion
Milk Dairy Consumption – Good or Bad for Osteoporosis
epartment of Health and Human Services (2018), estimates that ten million Americans have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, which can lead to complicating fractures. Calcium and Vitamin D are vital components for osteoporosis prevention. Dairy products, especially milk, are common in the American diet and even have a familiar marketing campaign (“Got Milk?”) to help educate the public on the benefits of milk.
Most Americans have the perception that drinking milk will give us strong bones, but is this true? Are dairy products, specifically milk, an effective dietary source to help prevent osteoporosis or could they cause more harm than good? Should we, as a society, be drinking more or less milk? Are there better dietary choices for calcium or should we all be taking calcium supplements? Please elaborate on your reasoning with your research.
Support your opinion with valid research and cite your sources appropriately.
Reference
Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Osteoporosis. Retrieved from https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-hoh
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 4 Discussion
Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain: Opioids or Medical Marijuana?
The treatment of chronic pain conditions, especially muscle pain within the medical field, presents multiple problems and complications. Studies have placed the prevalence of chronic pain in the United States from 30-33% of the population. Currently, a common medical practice is the prescription of opioid analgesics (painkillers) such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine to provide pain relief. However, the abuse and addiction to opioid prescriptions has been on the rise.
Conduct some research on the pros and cons of using opioid medications to treat chronic pain. As of early 2018, 23 states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation to legalize medicinal marijuana as a treatment therapy for various issues, including chronic pain conditions. Research the pros and cons of medicinal marijuana to treat chronic pain.
From your research, what do you perceive to be the better option in treating chronic pain — prescription opioid medications or medicinal marijuana? Make sure you elaborate on your reasoning with your research, opinion(s) and any other comments you have on this topic. Provide appropriate citations for your resources.
Reference
The American Academy of Pain Medicine. (2018). AAPM Facts and Figures on Pain. Retrieved from http://www.painmed.org/PatientCenter/Facts_on_Pain.aspx#incidence
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 5 Discussion
Arthritis: Prevention and Treatment Options
Arthritis is increasingly prevalent among the United States population. Although there are several types of arthritis, the most common (by far) is osteoarthritis. According to the CDC, more than 30 million Americans are diagnosed with osteoarthritis (2018). It’s likely that you or someone you know is struggling with the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis right now.
In your discussion post this module, provide at least one prevention technique and one treatment option for osteoarthritis. Describe each item in detail, providing information about how the therapies you chose affect the physiology of the arthritic joints.
In your reply post, provide research about the effectiveness of the preventative therapies and treatment options your classmate(s) posted. You are encouraged to share personal experience (if you have any), but remember that you should always back up your personal thoughts with a reliable, scientific reference.
Reference
Centers for Disease Control. (2018). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 6 Discussion
Physiology and Treatment of Depression Anxiety
According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, over 20% of Americans are diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression (2018). As we learn about the nervous system this module, we can use these two common disorders to help gain an understanding of basic nerve function.
For your discussion post, choose either depression or anxiety and answer the following questions. Remember to use your own words when explaining these concepts.
How does depression/anxiety affect neurotransmitters?
How does depression/anxiety affect synapses?
How does depression/anxiety affect neuron function?
In your reply posts, share how various treatments may improve the physiology of the disorders discussed. Since these are common disorders, you may choose to share personal experiences. If so, keep the information you share confidential and do not share names or identifying information of others.
Reference
Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2018). Facts & Statistics. Retrieved from https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics#
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 7 Discussion
Brain Games
Brain games continue to increase in popularity, especially mobile applications. You may have seen the advertisements for these apps, or perhaps you may have even tried them yourself. There are dozens of different companies claiming that their mobile applications can improve your brain’s function.
Do these brain games work? Can games on your mobile device actually improve mental acuity or prevent memory loss? What does the research say about these types of games and activities?
Are there better techniques, methods, or even dietary supplements that could assist with improving brain function and memory?  Are brain function and memory determined by genetics or can they be influenced by our environment and experiences?
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 8 Discussion
The Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System can be challenging to understand because it is connected to virtually every body function in opposite ways. We are going to explore the physiology of the ANS in this discussion by looking at specific examples of how it works.
For your first discussion post, describe how the parasympathetic nervous system influences one function in your body. For example, the parasympathetic nervous system causes decreased blood pressure. If you chose this body function, you would describe the physiology behind the decreased blood pressure. How does it happen? What occurs in the heart/blood vessels? Which scenarios or external factors would cause the parasympathetic nervous system to activate this response?
For your reply post, discuss the sympathetic nervous system’s influence on the function your peer chose. For example, if your classmate discussed the parasympathetic influences the diameter of your pupil, you need to describe how the sympathetic nervous system affects the diameter of your pupil.
Your post and reply should each be at least one paragraph long (about 4-5 sentences minimum). Try to use a body function that is unique from other examples already posted by other students. There are hundreds of options!
 
 
 
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 9 Discussion
Lasik Surgery
LASIK procedures have become more accessible and much more common in recent years. Many patients are attracted to the idea of LASIK, as it can eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses. Research LASIK and the associated risks and benefits.
For your original post, choose one of the vision problems that can be ed by LASIK. Discuss how this problem affects the physiology vision and how LASIK can be used to this problem.
In your reply post, discuss whether or not you would choose to have LASIK surgery for the vision problem that your classmate explained. In your opinion, do the benefits outweigh the risks? If you or someone close to you has experience with LASIK, you may choose to discuss that here. What made you/them decide to go through with the procedure? Or, what stopped you/them from pursuing LASIK as a treatment option?
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 10 Discussion
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Is It Effective and Safe?
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is most commonly known for treating the discomfort associated with menopause. However, more broadly, HRT is any form of hormone therapy that involves a patient receiving hormones to supplement or replace naturally occurring hormones in the body. For this discussion post, research different forms of HRT and choose one type to focus on.
In your original post, describe a patient who may benefit from HRT. Explain the risks and benefits to using HRT in the scenario you chose. Be sure to include information on safety.
For your reply post, find a classmate who discussed a different type of HRT than you. In your response, put yourself in the scenario discussed. If you were the patient in that scenario, would you choose to go through with HRT or would you look for alternative treatments? Do the benefits of HRT outweigh the risks, in your opinion?
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 11 Discussion
Self-Assessment and Reflection
As you prepare for the final exam, create TWO multiple-choice questions for your classmates that focus on material that was covered in this course. Make sure that you provide the answer, preferably as a response to your own post, so your peers can be challenged without directly seeing the answer right after the question.
As a follow up, reflect on any goals that you set for yourself at the beginning of this course. What experiences have you gained from this course that you will take forward into Human Anatomy and Physiology II?
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 01 Case Study
Question 1
Ben is a 6-month old infant who has a history of respiratory infections. His parents are concerned that his symptoms are worsening and bring him to his pediatrician, Dr. Johnson. They explain that he has a persistent cough and sometimes coughs up phlegm. He also experiences periodic wheezing and shortness of breath. Dr. Johnson notes that his weight and height have not increased as much as predicted since his last visit. He is concerned that Ben may have a genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis.
There are several ways to test for Cystic Fibrosis. In your own words, briefly describe 2 diagnostic tests that Dr. Johnson could use to determine if Ben has Cystic Fibrosis.
Question 2         
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited condition. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern?
Answers:            
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal dominant
Question 3         
List at least 3 other symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis that are not mentioned in the case study about Ben.
Question 4
Which of Ben’s parents carried the defective gene which causes Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
Neither parent- this was passed on from a prior generation
His mother
Both Parents
His father
Question 5
If both of Ben’s parents are Cystic Fibrosis carriers and plan to have another child, what are the chances that their next child would NOT be a carrier and would NOT be affected by Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
0%
25%
75%
50%
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 02 Case Study
Question 1
Since childhood, Linda has always enjoyed the outdoors. She tries to spend as much time outside in the summer as she can because she lives in the Pacific Northwest, where summers are short. Now, Linda is 62 years old and is taking her grandchildren to the same lake house where she spent long days boating, swimming, and playing sports as a child.
Linda has noticed an itchy skin lesion on the superior portion of her right ear within the past two weeks. She is beginning to worry because it doesn’t seem to be healing. She packed a large-brimmed hat for her lake trip to keep her face and ears out of the sun. She wants to make sure she is helping protect her grandchildren from any potential skin damage, too.
If Linda’s lesion is a sign of cancer, which types of skin cancer do you think it could be? What other information would you need to know to make a more educated diagnosis?
Question 2
Which of the following is the most deadly type of skin cancer?
Answers:            
Basal adenoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Question 3
Linda asks her son, who is a nurse, to look at the lesion. He notices that the lesion has an asymmetric border, is black and brown, and measures less than 3 mm. Which of these factors is NOT a warning sign of cancer?
Answers:            
All of these factors are warning signs
Black and brown color
Asymmetric border
Measurement of less than 3 mm
Question 4         
Linda’s son thinks a biopsy might be necessary and urges her to follow-up with a dermatologist. In your own words, briefly describe the process of a skin biopsy.
Question 5
Humans have a natural protection against UV light called melanin, produced by melanocytes. Which layer of skin contains melanocytes?
Answers:            
Epidermis
Dermis
Reticular layer
Hypodermis
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 03 Case Study
Question 1
Alyssa is a 74-year-old female patient who presents to her primary care provider for a routine physical. She states that she feels “quite healthy” and has no complaints other than mild back pain. She has a family history of various cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis, so she knows that it is important to stay active and keep up with screenings and annual physical exams. Alyssa’s provider finds that she has lost 10 pounds since last year’s exam. She is almost a full inch shorter, as well.
Alyssa’s provider suspects that she may have osteoporosis. Which other two factors would support that other diagnosis?
Answers:            
Taking calcium supplements and intense daily exercise
Family history of cancer and obesity
A history of smoking and being post-menopausal
Weight loss and history of surgery
Question 2
Explain, in your own words, how Alyssa’s loss of height could be related to her possible osteoporosis diagnosis.
Question 3
Alyssa’s provider orders a DEXA scan. Which of the following T-score outcomes would indicate a diagnosis of osteoporosis?
Answers:            
+1.2
-1.4
-2.6
0
Question 4
Why might Alyssa’s provider ask her about her diet? Provide two reasons and explain how they are related to osteoporosis.
Question 5
Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in detail.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 04 Case Study
Question 1
Jordan is now 19-years old. As an infant, Jordan reached many gross motor skill milestones, such as holding his head up, rolling over, sitting, and standing, at normal times. However, he was considered a “late walker” because he took his first steps at 17 months. By 2 years old, his parents noticed a hyperlordotic posture while he was standing. A Gower’s sign and Trendelenberg gait were noted by age four. Throughout his childhood, he suffered progressive muscle weakness, especially in the proximal musculature of the arms, pelvis, and legs. He required orthotic braces to assist his walking and was confined to wheelchair ambulation by age 13.
At 16, he was hospitalized with bronchitis requiring antibiotic treatment, but recovered. Jordan has a history of progressive muscle weakness, but no history of muscle pain or spasm, chest pain, or irregular heartbeat. The only medications that he normally takes are calcium and fluoride supplements. Jordan has three siblings. His older and younger sisters have never had any major medical issues. Jordan’s older brother is also to a wheelchair with problems similar to Jordan’s. No other immediate or distant family members have musculoskeletal issues.
Jordan’s history aligns most closely with which diagnosis?
Answers:            
Multiple sclerosis
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Question 2
Jordan had a biopsy of the left gastrocnemius muscle when he was 5 years old. Based on your answer for his diagnosis, describe the microscopic pathological changes that the pathologist would have noted in her report.
Question 3
Explain, in your own words, why Jordan’s brother appears to have the same disease and why his sisters are unaffected.
Question 4
Jordan’s calves appear enlarged. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon?
Answers:            
Jordan’s muscle cells are experiencing calcification because the actin and myosin filaments are no longer able to release from each other.
As his muscle degenerate, calcium replaces the water in the muscle cells.
As his muscles degenerate, the muscle tissue is replaced by collagen and adipose tissue.
As Jordan ages, the neuromuscular junction loses its neurotransmitters.
Question 5
Jordan displayed Gower’s sign at a young age. Which of the following statements explains why this this true?
Answers:            
The chronic contractures in Jordan’s lower legs cause him to be reliant on his upper body for strength.
Jordan’s quadriceps and gluteus maximus are in spasm, which causes him to fall to his knees when trying to stand.
His neuromuscular junctions were interrupting the signals to contract his muscles.
The weakness of his proximal leg muscles and erector spinae muscles force Jordan to use his arms to push on the floor.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 06 Case Study
Question 1
Donna, a 42-year-old mother of two, has been experiencing intermittent tingling and numbness in both of her feet. She has also had trouble holding a pen while writing. In the past few months, the tingling and numbness in her extremities seemed to subside on its own, so she was not very concerned. Recently, though, the symptoms have spread to her knees and thighs and are persisting.
Yesterday, she stumbled when getting out of bed in the morning. When she tried to stand, her right leg was too weak to hold her weight and she fell again. She noticed that she scraped her right knee during the fall, but does not feel any pain from the wound. Donna notices that she has blurry vision and thinks that might be the reason she fell.
All of the following indicate sensory deficits EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Blurry vision
Tingling in her feet
Muscular weakness
Numbness in her legs
Question 2
Donna does not feel the wound on her knee. In a normal situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee would result in the feeling of pain.
Question 3
Donna has weakness in her right leg, but her left leg is functioning normally. Which components of the nervous system are involved with skeletal muscle movement? Be specific about how the motor impulse moves through the body.
Question 4
Which of the following ly defines a motor unit?
Answers:            
All motor units are afferent neurons
A single neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates
A single muscle and all the neurons that innervate it
A single muscle and its largest associated nerve
Question 5
Which of the following statements is true?
Answers:            
Donna’s symptoms are most likely only related to the brain, and not peripheral nerves.
Donna is experiencing problems related to sensory neurons only.
Donna is experiencing both motor and sensory deficits.
Donna is experiencing problems related to motor neurons only.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 07 Case Study
Question 1
InScott, a 37-year-old elementary teacher, is seeing his general practitioner for complaints of general weakness, especially in his lower extremities. He has also been feeling very fatigued lately and has trouble keeping up with his students throughout his work day. His physician notes that he has lost a significant amount of weight in the last 6 months. Scott reports that even simple tasks, such as brushing his hair and getting dressed, can seem like a chore. He has trouble climbing stairs because of his weakness and notices that his speech is slurred, especially at the end of the day.
Scott’s physician uses a tongue depressor during his physical examination and Scott begins to gag and has difficulty swallowing. His physician notes muscle wasting and abnormal spasticity in upper and lower extremities bilaterally. All reflexes are normal except the Babinski reflex. Scott’s toes fan out when the sole of his feet are stroked with the reflex hammer.            
Answers:            
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system only
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Both sensory and motor neurons
Question 2
Because Scott’s symptoms are progressively getting worse over a period of several months, we can rule out which of the following diagnoses?
Answers:            
Multiple Sclerosis
Traumatic spinal cord hemisection
Muscular dystrophy
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question 3         
Scott’s physician believes he may have ALS. Briefly describe this condition in your own words.
Question 4
Which of the following is NOT an early symptom of ALS?
Answers:            
Fatigue
Leg weakness
Loss of balance
Difficulty swallowing
Question 5         
What are the major differences between ALS and MS, physiologically? Describe any pathological differences you find in your research.
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 08 Case Study
Question 1
Joanne just celebrated her 50th birthday and knows that she should probably see her physician for a physical. She’s generally in good health, but has been experiencing some odd symptoms lately. Joanne has been experiencing mild to moderate headaches once or twice a week, usually in the morning hours. She feels that her mental acuity “isn’t what it used to be” and forgets the day of the week occasionally. Her husband often complains that she has the TV too loud, but Joanne thinks it’s a normal volume. She has noticed that her feet and toes are colder and she has to wear socks and slippers around the house to be comfortable.
A few nights a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night with tingling and numbness in her right hand. Joanne works at a desk all day and she notices a sharp, and sometimes throbbing, pain in her feet bilaterally after a long workday. She was thinking that her symptoms were just part of aging, but wonders if it could be abnormal. She has no history of major trauma, alcoholism, cancer, or inherited diseases.
Which of the following choices would best describe the symptoms in Joanne’s feet?
Answers:            
Motor neuron dysfunction
Sensory neuron dysfunction
Permanent neuron damage to the sympathetic nervous system
Both sensory and motor neuron dysfunction
Question 2         
Which of Joanne’s symptoms could be related to peripheral neuropathy?
Question 3
All of the following are possible causes for peripheral neuropathy EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Vitamin B deficiencies
Intervertebral disk herniation
Hemorrhage
Medications
Question 4
If Joanne’s neuropathy is related to diabetes, what are some complications she can expect (and try to avoid)? List and describe at least three complications.
Question 5
All of the following might be explanations for Joanne’s right hand symptoms, EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Lumbar disc herniation
Sleeping on her right shoulder, causing pressure on the brachial plexus
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cervical disc herniation
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 09 Case Study
Question 1 Kari is a relatively healthy 42-year-old female with well-managed diabetes. She reports occasional alcohol intake, smokes cigarettes only when drinking, and exercises 3-4 times a week. She has a history of mild myopia, which she has ed with glasses and contacts since she was 14 years old. Kari has been having trouble seeing at night. It has been gradually getting worse and she was tripped on a rug and bumped into a few walls within the last week. She has also noticed that small text seems blurrier than usual. Kari always makes sure to schedule annual visits to her eye doctor. Luckily, it’s almost time for this year’s check-up because she thinks she might need a new prescription for her glasses and contacts.
Kari’s mild myopia means:
Answers:            
She has trouble focusing on objects close to her face.
She has trouble seeing objects at a distance.
Light is focused behind her retina.
Light is focused on the fovea centralis.
Question 2         
Of the limited history you are given, which item could NOT be related to the vision issues she is experiencing?
Answers:            
Smoking tobacco
Exercising 3-4 times a week
Alcohol intake
Diabetes
Question 3         
Myopia becomes more prevalent as one ages.
Answers:            
True
False
Question 4         
Kari has two grandparents who had glaucoma in their lifetime. Do any of Kari’s symptoms support a diagnosis of glaucoma? If so, which one(s)?
Question 5         
Kari’s ophthalmologist measures her intraocular pressure and finds that it is normal. With this information, which of the following diagnoses can be ruled out?
Answers:            
Glaucoma
Hyperopia
Myopia
Cataracts
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 10 Case Study
Question 1
Edna is a 42-year-old mother of two girls. She has been feeling very sluggish lately and finds it hard to get out of bed in the morning, even after a full night’s sleep. She is fatigued throughout the day and has to compensate with a lot of caffeine. She’s gained about 5 pounds this month, but attributes that to all the workouts she’s been skipping lately. Her partner keeps noticing and mentioning how cold Edna’s hands are, even though it is the middle of summer. Edna sees her doctor to find out what is wrong. Her physician takes her vital signs before doing further testing. Here are her results: BP 124/74, Pulse 52, Temperature 98.2 F, Height 5’8”, and Weight 178 pounds.
Edna’s doctor is worried about her endocrine function. Which of the following glands is most likely causing her symptoms?
Answers:            
Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus gland
Question 2         
Edna’s symptoms are similar to those present in Grave’s disease.
Answers:            
True
False
Question 3         
During Edna’s physical exam, her physician notes an enlargement of her thyroid gland. What is this called and why is it important in her case?
Question 4 Edna’s physician suspects that she may have hypothyroidism. Which of the following tests would be the first step to help confirm that diagnosis?
Selected Answer:           
Blood test for thyroxine and TSH levels
Answers:            
Blood test for thyroxine and TSH levels
Fine needle biopsy
Ultrasound of the thyroid
Thyroidectomy
Question 5         
Edna’s test results showed that her T4 level was below normal. Why might her TSH level be elevated?
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 01 Quiz
Question 1
Which cellular organelle produces ATP, the body’s energy source?
Answers:            
Gogli apparatus
 Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Question 2
What term best describes the genetic allele make up of an individual?
Answers:            
Autosomal dominant
 Genotype
Autosomal recessive
Phenotype
Question 3
The plasma membrane is composed mostly of _____.
Answers:            
Carbohydrates
 Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Calcium channels
Question 4
Which of the following organelles modified, concentrates, and packages lipids?
Answers:            
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
Question 5
Which organic compound has the primary function of energy storage?
Answers:            
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 02 Quiz
Question 1
Hair and nails are mainly composed of what substance?
Answers:            
Collagen fibers
Melanocytes
Elastic fibers
 Keratin
Question 2
Which choice is NOT true about the epidermis?
Answers:            
 It contains blood vessels and is considered highly vascularized
There are multiple layers of living and dead cells
It is constantly flaked/scraped off
Melanin is secreted within it
Question 3
Which of the following choices makes up the majority of the dermis and contains glands, hair follicles, and muscular tissue?
Answers:            
 Reticular layer
Papillary layer
Stratum basale
Hypodermis
Question 4
Which type of gland is responsible for secreting an oily substance that helps to lubricate and soften the skin and hair?
Answers:            
Apocrine gland
Sebaceous gland
Ceruminous gland
Eccrine gland 
Question 5
Which skin layer is the most superficial?
Answers:            
Hypodermis
 Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 03 Quiz
Question 1         
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Answers:            
Humerus
Phalanges
Femur
Sternum
Question 2
                Which type of bone cell is activated with the release of parathyroid hormone?
Answers:            
Osteogenic
Osteoblast
 Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Question 3
When an epiphyseal plate “closes,” longitudinal growth is no longer possible.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 4
Which statement is true regarding an osteon?
Answers:            
 Canaliculi connect lacunae to the central canal
Osteocytes do not contain blood vessels
Osteons are epithelial cells
Found in both spongy and compact bone
Question 5
The parietal and frontal bones are classified as:
Answers:            
 Flat bones
Long bones
Short bones
Sesamoid bones
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 04 Quiz
Question 1
Which choice best describes the function T-tubules have within muscle contraction?
Answers:            
 Transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cell
Store and release calcium ions into the cell interior for muscle contraction
Help align the thick and thin filament for contraction
Store glycogen
Question 2
Which of the following proteins blocks the active site on actin during relaxation?
Answers:            
 Tropomyosin
Myosin
Actin
Troponin
Question 3
                Which factor is required to allow for muscle contraction?
Answers:            
Acetylcholine binds to the motor neuron
 Cross bridging of the thick and thin filament
Sodium ions to be present within the muscle fiber’s cytoplasm
Actin heads bind to troponin filament
Question 4
                Which statement is true regarding muscle contraction?
Answers:            
The power stroke occurs when the thick filament binds to the thin filament
The T-tubules store the calcium ions within the internal part of the muscle cell
Tropomyosin protein binds to the actin protein
 ATP is needed to release the thick filament from the thin filament
Question 5
Which statement is NOT true regarding muscle contraction?
Answers:            
Tropomyosin protein covers the binding sites for the thick filament on the actin protein
 ATP is needed for the thick filament to bind to the thin filament
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores the calcium ions that are released within the muscle cell
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that binds to the sarcolemma
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 05 Midterm Exam
Question 1
Wolff’s law of bone states that bone density is directly related to the dietary ingestion of calcium.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 2
Which statement is true regarding osteoporosis?
Answers:            
It is loss of density of the matrix in spongy bone only
It is most commonly diagnosed in pre-menopausal women
 Vitamin D plays an important role in its prevention
Vertebrae and femoral neck fractures are a common complication in males only
Question 3
Osmosis is the movement of random molecules from a low to high concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 4
Acetylcholine molecules must bind to troponin in order for the muscle contraction process to occur.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 5
Which statement is true of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
Answers:            
The glenoid cavity can be found on the clavicle
The bones of the shoulder joint include the humerus, scapula and sternum
The shoulder is among the most stable joints in the body
 The SITS muscle tendons help stabilize the shoulder joint
Question 6
A motor unit is composed of all the muscle fibers that one motor neuron innervates.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 7
Which choice is true regarding bone tissue?
Answers:            
Trabeculae are found within compact bone
The periosteum is the inner, blood cell producing portion of bone
 Osteocytes reside within a little open space called lacuna within bone tissue
One of the organic materials of bone include calcium
Question 8
Parathyroid hormone will cause an increase activity in which of the following cells?
Answers:            
 Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic cells
Question 9
Which of the following choices contains ridges that are ultimately responsible for fingerprints?
Answers:            
Flexure lines
 Dermal papillae
Friction ridges
Reticular layer
Question 10
Which cellular organelle is responsible for the production of ATP?
Answers:            
 Mitochondria
Lysosome
Gogli
apparatus
Nucleus
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 06 Quiz
Question 1
An action potential can only be propagated along a myelinated axon.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 2
As long as neurotransmitters are bound to a receptor, ion channels remain open.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 3
Which statement is true regarding the nervous system?
Answers:            
Neuroglia cells are only responsible for providing immunity to the nervous cells
 Depolarization is the reduction of the membrane potential; going from negative to a more positive charge
Neurons can communicate with other cells without the use of neurotransmitters
Damaged myelin on an axon has no effect with its ability to transmit an action potential
Question 4
During relative refractory period, a neuron cannot create another action potential to a stimulus no matter how strong or intense that stimulus is.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 5
The resting membrane potential of a neuron, specifically in the axon, is more negatively charged inside when compared to the extracellular space (outside of the cell)?
Selected Answer:           
 True
Answers:            
 True
False
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 07 Quiz
Question 1
Which statement is true regarding the spinal nerve and cord?
Answers:            
As a spinal nerve approaches the spinal cord, it separates into lateral and medial roots
 Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen of the vertebrae
The dorsal root of the spinal nerves transmit (carry) information from the central nervous system out to the body
A spinal nerve a single sensory axon and single motor axon
Question 2
Which choice is true regarding the brain stem?
Answers:            
 The midbrain contains visual and auditory reflex centers
One of the pons functions is to control behavior and emotion.
The pons contains nuclei centers that control actions like heart rate, respiratory rate and coughing
The limbic system is part of the medulla
Question 3
Gyri and sulci can be found in which of the following structures?
Answers:            
 Cerebral cortex
Midbrain
Pons
Thalamus
Question 4
Which of the following is considered an ascending tract?
Answers:            
 Spinothalamic tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Question 5
Which statement is true regarding the meninges?
Answers:            
The arachnoid mater is attached directly to the cerebral cortex.
Prescription medications can easily pass through the meninges to treat brain conditions
 The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
The meninges forms a portion of blood brain barrier
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 08 Quiz
Question 1
Which two major nerves are responsible for sensory (touch) information of the hand?
Answers:            
Ulnar and Radial nerves
Radial and Medial nerves
Axillary and Ulnar nerves
 Ulnar and Medial nerves
Question 2
Which of the following choices forms the Sciatic nerve and branches into the Tibial and Common Fibular Nerves?
Answers:            
Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
Lumbar Plexus
 Sacral Plexus
Question 3
Which of the following choices is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Answers:            
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increased blood pressure
Dilation of the bronchi in the lungs to increase airflow
 Stimulates elimination of wastes such as feces and urine
Question 4
Upper motor neurons are efferent neurons that originate in the cerebrum or brain stem.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 5
A ganglia is a collection of nerve cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system.
Answers:            
 True
False
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 09 Quiz
Question 1
Olfactory tract damage would affect which of your special senses?
Answers:            
Sight
Taste
 Smell
Hearing
Question 2
Which special sense does not depend on an organ with sensory hairs to assist in their function?
Answers:            
Hearing
 Sight
Smell
Taste
Question 3
An irregular shape of the cornea can cause blurred vision and is referred to as:
Answers:            
Glaucoma
Cataracts
 Astigmatism
Conjunctivitis
Question 4
Myopia occurs when the refracted light (focal point) is focused in front of the retina.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 5
The sense of taste involves cranial nerves VII, IX, and X.
Answers:            
 True
False
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 10 Quiz
Question 1
Which statement is true regarding the adrenal glands?
Answers:            
Adrenal glands are located on the superior portion of the liver
Adrenal glands produce gonadotropins
Hormones secreted by adrenal glands are influenced by growth hormone
 Imbalances of certain hormones secreted by the adrenal glands can lead to Addison’s and Cushing’s disease
Question 2
Which statement is true regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Answers:            
ADH ultimately influences the kidneys to secrete more water, decreasing the body’s overall water retention
ADH is stored in the anterior pituitary
ADH stimulates the release of prolactin secretion too
 ADH will be secreted if the body is dehydrated
Question 3
Which endocrine gland is associated with and directly responsible for increasing and/or decreasing blood sugar levels?
Answers:            
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Thymus gland
 Pancreas
Question 4
In a healthy patient, a decrease in production of Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4) will cause an increase Thyroid-stimulating Hormone released from the pituitary gland.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 5
Which endocrine hormone is associated with directly decreasing blood sugar levels?
Answers:            
Thyroid hormone
Glucagon
Prolactin
 Insulin
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 11 Final Exam
Question 1
Which statement is true regarding the special senses?
Answers:            
Rod and cone cells are the only two types of gustatory cells
 Sensory hair cells of the olfactory bulb bind molecules within the nose that ultimately allow for the sense of smell
The cochlea within the inner ear allows for the sense of equilibrium
The pupil is responsible for refracting incoming light
Question 2
Which region of the brain stem is associated with nuclei centers that control various autonomic activities such as sneezing, coughing and respiration rate?
Answers:            
Diencephalon
 Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Question 3
Which statement is true of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?
Answers:            
Anaerobic respiration utilizes oxygen and glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Aerobic respiration produces more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules compared to anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration produces no waste products
Cells can only perform aerobic respiration to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Question 4
Blockage of the auditory (Eustachian) tube can result in conductive hearing loss.
Answers:            
 True
False
Question 5
Which statement is true regarding myelin sheaths?
Answers:            
Myelin sheaths are found only on neurons in the peripheral nervous systems
Myelin sheaths allow for action potentials to be transmitted faster within the dendrites of neurons
 The spaces between each myelin sheath are referred to as the “Node of Ranvier”
Collections of myelin sheaths within the nervous system give nerve tissue a dark appearance, which is referred as gray matter